白龙洞古人类遗址三维数字模型的建立与初步分析

湖北白龙洞古人类遗址是中国较有影响的更新世中期古人类遗址之一。本项工作通过使用日本宾得公司产RS-202N免棱镜型全站仪及美国Autodesk公司产AutoCAD2006计算机软件等，实地采集白龙洞遗址地貌和洞穴形态三维数据，使用计算机建立起遗址地貌数字模型和洞穴居址数字模型。通过数字模型进行多视角观察、分析，认识到这种方法可以实现以三维空间的形式保存和处理多种考古遗存信息，能够提供古人类遗址三维动态的观察视角，以及提供多种用途的遗址三维分析数据和考古专题图等。白龙洞遗址数字模型的测量和观察分析认识到，白龙洞遗址古人类（直立人）具有对洞穴高效开发利用的能力，并且具有在洞穴空间较为高大的区域集中活动的特点；  还可能具有在洞穴内部使用火进行照明的行为；  在居址选择上，白龙洞古人类已经具备对低山地区复杂地貌、开阔视野、干燥居址与近水环境，以及石料集中地和多元食物生境的适应性选择。此外，分析工作还显示洞穴遗址内部堆积物，除古人类活动遗留外，其他土状堆积物的来源可能来自于洞穴内部裂隙。白龙洞遗址数字模型的建立与初步分析，是国内将三维数字模型技术应用于古人类遗址研究的首次尝试。该方法对于获取更多遗址研究信息和多学科综合研究古人类遗址具有重要作用。

THREE-DIMENSIONAL DIGITAL MODELS OF BAILONG CAVE SITE,HUBEI PROVINCE,CHINA AND THEIR APPLICABILITY

Bailong Cave Site,located in Yunxi Country,Hubei Province,China,is a more influential Middle Pleistocene human site. In the study program,by means of Total Station Type RS-202N produced by Japanese Pentax Company and software AutoCAD2006 presented by American Autodesk Company,we established the digital model of the cave landform and the digital model of the cave home through in-site collecting three dimensional data of the inner and outer of Bailong Cave Site. The digital models provided us not only a dynamical tridimensional viewpoint,but also abundant surveying data and all kinds of special graphics able to meet different research demands. By analysis of three-dimensional models,we obtained a series of new opinions. Hominids lived in Bailong Cave Site(Homo. erectus)already had the ability of utilizing natural cave efficiently. Their activities were distinctly concentrated on relatively large and high places of the cave. Simulated illumination analysis by digital model supported the opinion that the hominids might use fire for illumination in the cave. We restored the collapsed section of cave entrance and launched simulated illumination test confirming. Because of complicated configuration of the cave,the direct sunshine only can act at a limited range of the cave home. In 2008,however,we discovered questionable burning evidence at the deeper site. Accordingly,it was quite possible that fire was used to illuminate at the site. Other simulated analyses by digital model also found that hominids lived in Bailong Cave Site developed some inclined adaptive selections for particular environments; for example,the adaptive selection of complicated landforms of low hills,the adaptive selection of cave homes with a fine view,the adaptive selection of dry cave homes nearby water sources,the adaptive selection of concentration places of rock materials for stone tools,and the adaptive selection of multi-food sources. Furthermore,the simulated analyses show that a portion of soil accumulation in the cave perhaps came from deeper caves except that some were results of human activities. The three dimensional digital models of Bailong Cave Site are a preliminary attempt to use three dimensional techniques in human paleontologic sites. Their applicability waits to further development still.