漫谈矿山法隧道技术第三讲——锚杆

分析我国隧道锚杆支护技术中存在的主要问题，包括： 1）没有实现商品化； 2）多采用注浆式锚杆，没有针对不同的围岩条件采用不同的锚杆； 3）不设垫板的锚杆比比皆是； 4）锚杆功能单一； 5）锚杆施工管理不到位。针对这些问题： 1）重申了锚杆的功能； 2）认为要实现锚杆的商品化，首先要求锚杆规格标准化，生产工厂化，介绍了英国的《锚杆技术标准》，指出我国也应着手编写《锚杆行业标准》，以利于锚杆商品化的实现，或者以一条新铁路线或以企业为试点设置锚杆制备厂； 3）着重介绍了提高锚杆支护功能的措施--提高附着刚性和剪切刚性、提高锚固材料的充填饱满度、强化锚杆施工管理； 4）介绍了几种新型锚杆的构造、规格、功能、优点、适用条件等，包括摩擦式锚杆（ZAM膨胀型锚杆、高承载力摩擦式锚杆、具有排水效果和注浆功能的锚杆）和纤维锚杆； 5）介绍了发光型简易锚杆轴力计，并将其与通常的轴力量测进行对比，结果大致吻合。最后指出，锚杆的首要问题是加快工厂化（商业化）进程，编制了行业标准； 提高锚杆支护效果要在锚固材料和围岩2方面下功夫； 针对性地加强对摩擦式锚杆的研究及锚杆充填率评价方法的研究也应提到日程上来。

Tunneling by Mining Method: Lecture III: Anchor Bolts

In this paper, the major limitations of application of anchor bolt to tunnel in China are analyzed, which mainly include: 1) Non industrialization of anchor bolt. 2) Merely using grouting anchor bolt regardless of other types. 3) Gasket is not applied for anchor bolt. 4) The anchor bolt function is simple. 5) Poor anchor bolt construction management system. In order to address these problems, the following issues are discussed: 1) The anchor bolt function should be fully re assessed. 2) The anchor bolt should be standardized and the manufacturing of the anchor bolt should be industrialized, for which the BS of Codes for Anchor Bolt Technology is presented. 3) The methods to improve grouting anchor bolt qualities, including improvement of the conglutination strength and shearing strength, filling fullness and management of anchor bolt, are emphatically presented. 4) The modification, specification, function, merits and application scope of frictional anchor bolts (e.g. ZAM expansive anchor, high performance frictional anchor bolt and anchor bolt with functions of drainage and grouting) and fiber anchor bolts are presented. 5) The simplpe luminous meter for measuring anchor bolt axial stress is presented in comparison with conventional stress meter. The results show that the indexes of simple luminous axial force meter matches those of conventional anchor bolt. Finally, some suggestions, including improvement of industrialization of anchor bolt, anchor bolt standard compiling, improvement of support structure of anchor bolt and surrounding rocks, study on frictional anchor bolt and filling fullness estimation method of anchor bolt, are given.