中国卫生人力配置公平性变化趋势分析

目的: 分析我国卫生人力配置公平性变化的长期趋势，为我国卫生健康体系更加均衡有序发展提供参考。方法: 使用基尼系数评价地区间卫生人力配置的公平性，分别计算基于人口分布、地区生产总值分布的医生和护士配置基尼系数。结果: 2019年我国千人执业(助理)医师数为2.77人，千人注册护士数为3.18人。2002年执业(助理)医师按人口分布的基尼系数为0.141，2014年降至0.081，随后保持稳定；2002年注册护士按人口分布的基尼系数为0.164，2018年降低至0.066。2002年执业(助理)医师按地区生产总值(gross domestic product，GDP)分布的基尼系数为0.236，2013年降至0.169，随后升高至0.183，并保持稳定；2002年注册护士按GDP分布的基尼系数为0.206，2013年降低至0.150，随后逐年升高至2019年的0.180。2002年注册护士按人口配置的公平性比执业(助理)医师配置公平性更差，2016年首次反超执业(助理)医师。结论: 中国各省卫生人力配置公平性有所改善，但是地区间的公平性改善遇到瓶颈，西部地区卫生人力配置仍然相对匮乏。尽管护理人力配置公平性赶超执业(助理)医师，从绝对水平看，每千人执业(助理)医师数接近西方发达国家水平，而注册护士数差距较大。建议有关部门做好卫生人力培养长期规划，进一步加大西部地区卫生人力培养与引进政策，并借助医疗数字化转型、互联网医疗增加西部地区医疗服务供给，同时进一步加大护理高等教育资源投入，积极应对人口老龄化。

Analysis of variation trend in health workforce equity allocation in China

Objective: To analyze the long-term trends of the changes in the equity of China's health workforce allocation to provide a reference for the more balanced and orderly development of China's health system. Methods: The Gini coefficient was used to evaluate the degree of equity in the allocation of health workforce between regions, and the Gini coefficients for the allocation of doctors and nurses based on population and regional gross domestic product (GDP) distribution were calculated respectively. Results: In 2019, the number of licensed (assistant) physicians per 1 000 population in China was 2.77, and the number of registered nurses per 1 000 population was 3.18. The Gini coefficient for the distribution of licensed (assistant) physicians by population was 0.141 in 2002, decreasing to 0.081 by 2014 and then remained stable. The Gini coefficient for the distribution of registered nurses by population was 0.164 in 2002 and decreased to 0.066 in 2018. The Gini coefficient for the distribution of licensed (assistant) physicians by GDP was 0.236 in 2002, decreased to 0.169 in 2013, then increased to 0.183 and remained stable. The Gini coefficient for the distribution of registered nurses by GDP was 0.206 in 2002, decreased to 0.150 in 2013, and then increased each year to 0.180 in 2019. The equity of the allocation of registered nurses by population was worse than the equity of the allocation of licensed (assistant) physicians in 2002, and in 2016, for the first time, exceeded that of licensed (assistant) physicians. Conclusion: Equity in the allocation of health workforce across China has improved, but the improvement in equity between regions has hit a bottleneck, with health workforce allocation in the western regions still relatively scarce. Although nursing workforce allocation equity caught up with licensed (assistant) physicians, the number of licensed (assistant) physicians is close to that of developed western countries, while there is a large gap in registered nurses. It is recommended that the relevant authorities make good long-term planning for health workforce, further increase the policy for the introduction of health workforce in the western region, and increase the supply of healthcare services in the western region with the help of digital transformation of healthcare and internet healthcare. At the same time, they should further increase investment in resources for higher nursing education and actively plan to cope with the ageing population.