Endothelial aging

Aging is considered to be the major risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis and, therefore, for coronary artery disease. Apart from age-associated remodeling of the vascular wall, which includes luminal enlargement, intimal and medial thickening, and increased vascular stiffness, endothelial function declines with age. This is most obvious from the attenuation of endothelium-dependent dilator responses, which is a consequence of the alteration in the expression and/or activity of the endothelial NO synthase, upregulation of the inducible NO synthase, and increased formation of reactive oxygen species. Aging is also associated with a reduction in the regenerative capacity of the endothelium and endothelial senescence, which is characterized by an increased rate of endothelial cell apoptosis.