中国沙漠和沙地的资源优势与农业发展

人口、粮食、土地之间的矛盾已成为今后我国几十年的主要问题。我国后备土地资源的68%分布在干旱、半干旱地区,其中沙漠和沙地面积辽阔,类型繁多,涉及212个县(旗)、48×106人。我国的沙漠和沙地具备适度开发利用的水资源依托,具有灌溉、雨养和高寒农业等特殊环境,是栽培作物和养殖家畜的集中区,许多尚无饲养或尚无栽培种类可以取代的野生动植物具有独特经济价值和高度的抗性。我国的沙地持续利用技术体系已初步建立,形成了一整套具有中国特色的流沙固定技术,结合各地的具体条件创建了许多成功的区域开发治理模式。沙漠和沙地开发必须摆脱传统的农业利用模式,依靠科技进步,多采光、少用水,结合资源条件、市场需求、投资能力,有计划、有步骤地规模开发。

Resources Superiority of Deserts and Sandy Lands and Agricultural Development in China

The contradiction among population, foods and lands has become the main problem of China. There are 68% of Chinese marginal land resources in the semi arid and arid zones. Development of deserts and sandy lands will bring in direct effect on assurance of food supply for Chinese in the next century. Chinese deserts and sandy lands, most of which are deeply located in inland highlands and basins with 1 000~1 500 meter altitude, mainly distribute in different bio climatic zones in the northern China and have various types and expansion areas. There are 212 counties and 48 million population in the area of Chinese deserts and sandy lands. Deserts and sandy lands were used in China two thousand years ago. Our country quite attaches importance to the development of deserts and sandy lands. Deserts and sandy lands of our country have water resources supporting for the moderate development and utilization of these areas. There is potential to enlarge farming area under water saving irrigation. Varieties of crops and livestock centralize in Chinese deserts and sandy lands. These areas have special bio environments of oasis irrigation agriculture and rainfied farming as well as cool and high cultivation. In the areas there are many wild plants that have high special economic value and resistance to adverse environment, and can't be replaced by planting species at present. A complete technique system of desert and sandy land development has been founded. The sand fixing methods of engineering and biology are continuously perfected. Combining real conditions of different areas, some successful models have been set up, they are Chifeng model in semi humid zone, Yulin model in semi arid zone, Linze model in arid zone and Hetian model in extra arid zone. The development of deserts and sandy lands has to break away from the management methods of traditional agriculture, rely on progress of science and technique and apply modern methods of irrigation and fertilization. In large scope development, at first, conditions of resources, demands of market and abilities of investment should be taken into account; then preferential developing regions need to confirm, and planning of development must be made. Meanwhile, it is necessary to perfect politics and laws about development of deserts and sandy lands, to encourage investments and development of individuals and collectivities as well as country.