哺乳动物精子RNAs的研究进展

精子RNA量少，但种类多。由于生物技术的发展，多种精子RNA的功能和机制被阐明。微小RNA（miRNAs）和mRNA影响精子形成过程中的染色体固缩、鞭毛结构与动力；与Piwi蛋白相作用的RNA（piRNAs）抑制反转录转座子活性、维持基因组稳定，但作用有限。受精和早期胚胎发育过程中，mRNA调节细胞能量通路、影响配子功能（如核质运输和有丝分裂）；miRNAs和内源性小片段干扰RNA（endo-siRNAs）的缺失会使胚胎早期发育产生异常；部分miRNAs前体（pri-mir-RNAs）以前体形式运输，在受精后激活，调节胚胎干细胞多能性；长链非编码RNA（lncRNAs）可调控胚胎基因组的表达与沉默。实验证明，精子RNA转运RNA来源的小RNA（tsRNAs）、miRNAs、piRNAs]可作为一种稳定的跨代表观遗传标记，通过修饰、改造遗传物质的高级结构，重塑获得性表型并稳定地传递给子代。

Research Progress in Mammalian Sperm RNAs

The quantity of mammalian sperm RNAs is little, but the kind is much. With the development of biotechnology, the function and mechanism of some sperm RNAs have been illustrated. In spermiogenesis, miRNAs and mRNA are closely related to the chromosome pycnosis, flagellum structure and motility; while piRNAs have a definite but limited function on the retrotransposon activity and genome stability. During fertilization and early embryonic development, mRNA plays a role in regulating cellular energy pathways and affecting gametogenesis. The deficiency of miRNAs or endo-siRNAs could lead to the abnormal early embryonic development. Several pri-mir-RNAs transported as miRNA precursors and activated after fertilization regulate the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells. LncRNAs participats in the regulation of gene expression and silence. Sperm RNAs as a stable trans-generation bio-marker (such as tsRNAs, miRNAs and piRNAs) can remodel the acquired traits, and transmit them steadily to offspring, via modifying the higher-order structures of genetic materials.