战国秦汉仙界的人间化--从天上到人间的帝王苑囿

“人间仙境”是中国传统文化中的生命追求与力图体验的美好空间,是生活的一类审美理想。名山及苑囿园林游憩,即这类追求和理想的模糊实现。此前,有关中国园林史的研究论及园林起源与宗教关系时,多谈到秦汉方士神仙说的影响,例如将所谓海上“三神山”引入帝王苑囿,其实在此种建构思想产生之前,还有一个将仙境从天上搬到地下的转换过程。本文通过研究传统经典文献中的相关记述,解析这种神仙空间的思想转换,认为在巫、方士及神仙家虚拟仙界基础之上,由一统天下的绝对集权统治者及其政治文士,促使并形成仙界从“天上”到人间的转换。真正的生命享受的仙境,还是在人间。这一唯物实在的仙境观念,一直影响着中国历史上的游观风景的审美与建设。

Fairyland in Life during the Warring States and Qin-Han Dynasty--the transform From fairyland to Emperor's Gardens

Fairyland is a kind of art tast idealabout a nice space chased by ancient Chinese. The chase is made to the reality by strolling about the famous mountains and gardens .It is often referred in the history of Chinese landscape garden that the doctrine of immoral-man advocated by alchemist during the Warring States and Qin-Han Dynasty is very important for the origin of landscape garden, such as making "three immoral mountain" into Emperor's gardens. But it is ignored that the process of transform from the heaven to the world. After reading many ancient books, we construed the transform in this paper: the doctrine of immoral-man is the base, the centralization of state power is the catalyzer, they two make the fairyland transform to the world. The concept of fairyland affects the taste of landscape garden all along.