中国高放废物地质处置21世纪进展

21世纪近20年，我国高放废物深地质处置进入了一稳步发展的新阶段，在法律法规、技术标准、战略规划、选址和场址评价、工程屏障研究、处置库和地下实验室概念设计、核素迁移和安全评价研究等方面取得了显著进展。其主要亮点包括颁布了《中华人民共和国放射性污染防治法》和《中华人民共和国核安全法》，制定了《高放废物地质处置研究开发规划指南》，颁布了《高放废物地质处置设施选址》核安全导则，确定了2020年前开工建设地下实验室、2050年建成高放废物处置库的目标，甘肃北山预选区被确定为我国高放废物地质处置库首选预选区，建立了场址评价方法技术体系，确定了内蒙古高庙子膨润土为我国高放废物处置库的首选缓冲回填材料，建立了我国首台缓冲回填材料热 水-力-化学耦合条件下特性研究大型实验台架（China-Mock-Up），获得了一批关键放射性核素的迁移行为数据，开展了初步的安全评价，完成了地下实验室安全技术研究。确定甘肃北山的新场为我国高放废物地质处置地下实验室的场址。2019年5月6日，国家国防科工局批复中国北山高放废物地质处置地下实验室工程建设立项建议书，标志着我国高放废物地质处置正式进入地下实验室阶段。这一系列工作进展和取得的成绩为我国2020年开工建设地下实验室、掌握高放废物地质处置技术奠定了坚实的基础。

Progress of Geological Disposal of High-level Radioactive Waste in China in the 21st Century

The progress of the research and development on geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) in China in past 20 years in the 21st century was reviewed in this paper. The deep geological disposal program for HLW in China entered into a new steady development stage in the 21st century. Significant progresses have been made in the areas of law and regulation, technical standards, site selection and site characterization, engineered barrier study, conceptual design for repository and underground research laboratory. The highlights include that the “Law of the People’s Republic of China on Prevention and Control of Radioactive Pollution” and the “Law of the People’s Republic of China on Nuclear Safety” have been issued, the “Research and Development Plan and Guidelines for Geological Disposal of High-level Radioactive Waste” has been published, the Nuclear Safety Guideline “Site Selection for Geological Disposal Facilities of High-level Radioactive Waste” has been published, the goals to build China’s underground research laboratory around 2020 and China’s repository for HLW in 2050 have been determined, the Beishan, Gansu, China, have been selected as the first priority area for the HLW repository, the site characterization methodologies have been established, the Gaomiaozi bentonite has been selected as the first priority buffer material for China’s repository, a large scale mock-up (China-Mock-Up) has been established in order to study the behavior of bentonite under coupled thermal hydraulic mechanical-chemical conditions, and the migration behavior data on some key radionuclides have been obtained, while preliminary safety assessment has been conducted. The Xinchang site, located in Beishan, Gansu, China has been determined as the final site for the first underground laboratory for geological disposal of HLW of China. The progress and achievements have provided sound bases for China to build an underground research laboratory around 2020 and to develop technologies for final disposal of HLW.