不同耕作方式与秸秆还田对土壤养分及小麦产量和品质的影响

为探寻稻麦两熟区高产优质高效的耕作方式和秸秆还田组合,从2001年开始,在长江中下游稻麦两熟区进行田间连续定位试验。设置稻麦双季免耕与秸秆还田（NTS）、麦季免耕与秸秆减量还田（RNT）、稻季免耕与秸秆减量还田（RCT）、稻麦双季翻耕与秸秆还田（CTS）、稻麦双季少耕与秸秆减量还田（MTS）以及稻麦双季翻耕无秸秆还田（CT,对照）6个处理。分析了不同耕作方式与秸秆还田组合下2009-2018年土壤有机质与全氮含量的变化,进一步明确其对小麦产量与品质的影响。结果表明,连续秸秆还田显著提高耕层土壤养分含量,其中MTS处理下土壤有机质与全氮含量较对照分别增加了29.64%和19.76%,具有明显的养分积累效果;但连续免耕不利于小麦产量的提高,RNT和RCT处理小麦产量较高,分别比NTS处理增加了16.33%和10.34%;同时RNT处理小麦的加工品质及面条质量也有提高趋势。因此,麦季免耕与秸秆还田结合的耕作模式有利于提高中弱筋小麦的产量和品质,可作为该地区发展优质高产高效小麦优先选择的耕作技术组合。

Effects of Different Tillage Methods and Straw Returning on Soil Nutrients and Wheat Yield and Quality

To explore the combinations of tillage and straw returning for high-yielding, high-quality, and efficient production of rice and wheat, a continuous positioning field experiment was carried out in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, a typical rice-wheat double cropping area since 2001. Six treatments were set i.e., no-tillage and straw returning in rice and wheat (NTS); no-tillage, and straw reduce returning in wheat (RNT); no-tillage and straw-reduce returning in rice (RCT); conventional tillage and straw returning in rice and wheat (CTS); minimum tillage and straw reduce returning in rice and wheat (MTS), and conventional tillage and no straw returning in rice and wheat as a control (CT). The changes of contents of soil organic matter and total nitrogen in 2009-2018 were analyzed and their effects on the grain yield and quality of wheat were investigated. The results showed that continuous straw returning significantly increased the soil nutrient content of topsoil. The soil organic matter and total nitrogen contents under the MTS treatment increased by 29.64% and 19.76%, respectively than the control and MTS treatment had a significant effect on the nutrient accumulation in soil. However, continuous no-tillage was not conducive to increasing wheat yield. The wheat yields of the RNT and RCT treatments were higher than that of the NTS treatment with increases of 16.33% and 10.34%, respectively. RNT tended to improve the processing quality and noodle quality of wheat. In conclusion, the combination of no-tillage and straw returning in the wheat season could increase the yield and quality of medium and weak gluten wheat and could be used as the preferred combination for achieving high-yielding, high-quality and efficient production of wheat in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.