家用洗涤剂中特征污染物的检测及潜在风险研究

家用洗涤剂的特征污染物磷与表面活性剂随废水排入环境水体造成水体溶解氧下降、富营养化,破坏水生生态环境。从北京市三个具有代表性的市场购买洗衣液、洗衣粉、洗衣皂和洗洁精四种形态的家用洗涤剂共40个样本,并对其中磷与阴离子表面活性剂(LAS)含量进行检测。结果显示,所有衣用洗涤剂总P2O5含量均小于1.1%,符合无磷洗涤剂国家标准(GB/T 13171.2-2009);而LAS含量差异较大,范围为6.9%~31.4%,基本趋势是洗洁精洗衣液洗衣粉;经估算,洗涤等量衣物,洗衣液的LAS排放量比洗衣粉高49.1%,北京市每年家用洗涤剂LAS产生量至少为1.23万吨;经检测蓟运河北京段水样,61.5%的样点水样中LAS含量达到III类水质标准,但局部地区污染仍较为严重,污染风险不可忽视。

Determination and Environmental Risk Assessment of Typical Pollutants of Household Detergents

Phosphate and surfactants are the typical pollutants of household detergents, which have negative impacts on the aquatic ecosystem, such as eutrophication and declination of dissolved oxygen. In order to investigate the contents of phosphate andanionic surfactantLAS,40 samples including liquid laundry detergents, washing powders, laundry soaps and dishwashing liquidswere collected in three typical markets in Beijing and were analyzed in this study. The results showed that the contents of P205 inall laundry detergents were below the limitation of 1.1% issued by the National Standard of Phosphate - free Detergents （ GB/T13171.2 - 2009）. The contents of detergentLAS varied significantly from 6. 9% to 31.4%. The mean value of dishwashing deter-gentsLAS was the highest, followed byliquid laundry detergents and washing powders. Washing the same amount of clothes, LASemission using liquid laundry detergents was 49. 1% higher than that using washing powders. Based on our estimation, at least12. 3 thousand tons of LAS were discharged into the municipal wastewater system annually in Beijing. The analysis of 13 watersamples collected from Jiyun River system showed that 61.5% of water samples accorded with class m standard of LAS concentration（ GB 3838 -2002）, but serious pollution still existedin local areas.