Seasonal variation in outdoor,indoor, and personal air pollution exposures of women using wood stoves in the Tibetan Plateau: Baseline assessment for an energy intervention study |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China;2. Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA;3. Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA;4. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA;5. MRC-PHE Center for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK;6. College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;7. Institute for Health and Social Policy, Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada;1. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China;2. State key lab of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China;3. Gansu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China;4. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States;5. Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing 210036, China;1. Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, UK;2. Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, LMU Munich, Germany;1. Center for International Climate and Environmental Research — Oslo (CICERO), P.O. Box 1129 Blindern, N-0318 Oslo, Norway;2. Dept. of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway;3. State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;4. Guizhou Research & Designing Institute of Environmental Science, 1 Tongren Road, Jinyang New District, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, 550081, China;1. Department of Civil Engineering, PEC University of Technology, Chandigarh 160012, India;2. School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India;3. Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University (PU), Chandigarh 160014, India;4. Centre for Public Health, Panjab University (PU), Chandigarh 160025, India |
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| Abstract: | Cooking and heating with coal and biomass is the main source of household air pollution in China and a leading contributor to disease burden. As part of a baseline assessment for a household energy intervention program, we enrolled 205 adult women cooking with biomass fuels in Sichuan, China and measured their 48-h personal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO) in winter and summer. We also measured the indoor 48-h PM2.5 concentrations in their homes and conducted outdoor PM2.5 measurements during 101 (74) days in summer (winter). Indoor concentrations of CO and nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2) were measured over 48-h in a subset of ~ 80 homes. Women's geometric mean 48-h exposure to PM2.5 was 80 μg/m3 (95% CI: 74, 87) in summer and twice as high in winter (169 μg/m3 (95% CI: 150, 190), with similar seasonal trends for indoor PM2.5 concentrations (winter: 252 μg/m3; 95% CI: 215, 295; summer: 101 μg/m3; 95% CI: 91, 112). We found a moderately strong relationship between indoor PM2.5 and CO (r = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.46, 0.72), and a weak correlation between personal PM2.5 and CO (r = 0.41, 95% CI: ? 0.02, 0.71). NO2/NO ratios were higher in summer (range: 0.01 to 0.68) than in winter (range: 0 to 0.11), suggesting outdoor formation of NO2 via reaction of NO with ozone is a more important source of NO2 than biomass combustion indoors. The predictors of women's personal exposure to PM2.5 differed by season. In winter, our results show that primary heating with a low-polluting fuel (i.e., electric stove or wood-charcoal) and more frequent kitchen ventilation could reduce personal PM2.5 exposures. In summer, primary use of a gaseous fuel or electricity for cooking and reducing exposure to outdoor PM2.5 would likely have the greatest impacts on personal PM2.5 exposure. |
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