冬小麦–夏玉米与双季玉米种植模式产量及光温资源利用特征比较

优化传统冬小麦-夏玉米模式并探索新型种植模式是挖掘黄淮海区周年高产潜力,提高资源利用效率的重要途径。本研究以冬小麦-夏玉米传统种植模式为对照(CK),建立了冬小麦–夏玉米优化种植模式(T1)和双季玉米模式(T2),于2009—2012年在河南新乡进行田间试验,对其周年资源分配、产量及资源利用效率进行了比较。结果表明:(1)T1模式通过播/收期调整,协调了两季的光、温资源分配比例(0.7∶1.0和1.4∶1.0);T2模式两季积温基本为均等分配,光照资源分配比例为1.5∶1.0。(2)资源分配的变化引起了产量的变化。与CK比,T1模式周年产量平均增幅为7.8%,其产量的增加主要来自于夏玉米季,T1模式夏玉米季平均叶面积指数(MLAI)、生物量和产量均显著高于CK,且冬小麦晚播并未造成减产。双季玉米(T2)是"双C4作物"的新型种植模式,其第1季的MLAI、生物量和产量均显著高于CK和T1,第2季(除MLAI外)显著低于CK和T1。T2与T1周年产量差异不显著,但显著高于CK,平均增幅为9.2%。另外,T2模式周年日产量显著高于CK和T1,平均增幅分别为53.9%和46.2%。(3)T2模式周年光、温生产效率及籽粒光能利用效率显著高于CK和T1,平均增幅分别为30.5%和23.3%,15.5%和9.7%,30.3%和23.0%。综上所述,T1和T2高产高效模式建立的核心均是充分利用C4作物玉米高物质生产能力的优势,二者的建立为黄淮海区周年产量潜力的挖掘及种植结构调整提供了思路。

Comparison of Yield and Light-temperature Resource Use Efficiency between Wheat-Maize and Maize-Maize Cropping Systems

Optimizing traditional wheat-maize cropping and exploring new cropping system are essential for increasing annual yield and resource use efficiency in the Yellow-Huaihe-Haihe Rivers Plain. The optimized winter wheat-summer maize cropping (T1) and double maize cropping (T2) were established in our field experiment conducted in Xinxiang from 2009 to 2012. The dry matter production, grain yield, and energy (light and temperature) use efficiency were investigated in the two cropping systems and compared with those in traditional cropping system (CK). In the two optimized cropping systems, the distributions of light and temperature between two cropping seasons were adjusted to 0.7:1.0 and 1.4:1.0 in T1 cropping system, and 1.5:1.0 and 1.0:1.0 in T2 cropping system, respectively, by changing the sowing and harvest dates. Under T1 condition, the annual yield increased by 7.8% over that of CK (P < 0.05), and the yield promotion was mainly attributed to the significant increase in the summer maize season. Late sowing of winter wheat in T1 system resulted in significant improvements of mean leaf area index (MLAI), above-ground biomass, and grain yield of summer maize, meanwhile with no significant yield loss of winter wheat. T2 is a new high-yield production pattern with double maize growing seasons. In the first season, the MLAI, above-ground biomass, and yield of maize were significantly higher than those of winter wheat in CK and T1. In the second season, the above-ground biomass, and yield of T2 were lower than those of CK and T1. However, the annual yield of T2 was higher than that of CK and had no significant difference to that of T1. Compared to CK and T1, T2 resulted in increases by 53.9% and 46.2% in daily yield, 30.5% and 23.3% in light production efficiency, 15.5% and 9.7% in temperature production efficiency, and 30.3% and 23.0% in light energy use efficiency, respectively. These results indicate that the advantages of high resource use efficiency and production capabilities of C₄ crop plays the key role in promoting the annual production capability in T1 and T2. The two optimized cropping systems (T1 and T2) may lighten the thoughts for adjusting production patterns to meet an increasing desire of high yield and resource use efficiency in the Yellow-Huaihe-Haihe Rivers Plain.