施钙与覆膜对缺钙红壤花生氮、磷、钾吸收利用的影响

为探明施钙与覆膜栽培对南方典型缺钙红壤（第四纪红土发育而成）花生氮、磷、钾吸收分配的影响，本试验以大籽品种湘花2008为材料，设置3个基施钙肥梯度（不施钙、每公顷施钙肥375kg、每公顷施钙肥750kg，分别标记为Ca0、Ca375、Ca750）和2种栽培方式（露地OF与覆膜栽培PF），采用土柱栽培，测定花生植株氮、磷、钾素含量、积累与分配特性。结果表明：随施钙量增加，花生叶、茎秆、根、果针、果壳氮素积累和分配率显著降低，而籽仁的氮素积累量和分配率、植株总氮素积累量提高，覆膜栽培降低叶和果针氮素分配率。增施钙肥有利于花生籽仁磷素的吸收积累、提高其分配率，但显著降低叶、茎秆、根系、果针、果壳磷素分配率。覆膜栽培提高植株对磷素的吸收，而降低茎秆磷素分配率。增施钙肥与覆膜栽培促进花生籽仁中钾积累，提高分配率。植株总钙积累量与总氮素积累量的协同吸收关系（决定系数R2=0.7837）优于总钙积累量与钾、磷总积累量的协同关系（决定系数R2=0.659 1、0.201 9）。增施钙肥提高了氮、磷、钾的利用效率和收获指数（HI）。露地播种每公顷750kg钙肥处理每生产100kg荚果比对照（Ca0-OF）节省纯N 3.17~4.04kg、纯P 0.27~0.30kg、纯K 2.65~3.41kg。因此，花生生产中增施钙肥的同时，可适当减少氮磷钾肥的用量，利于花生高产高效栽培。

Effects of calcium application and plastic film mulching cultivation on N,P, K utilization efficiency of peanut in red soil under Ca deficiency

 The effects of calcium application and plastic film mulching cultivation on accumulation, distribution and utilization efficiency of N, P, K in peanut（Arachis hypogaca L.）were investigated in red soil of southern China under calcium deficiency. Large seed variety Xianghua 2008 and the typical red soil under calcium deficiency were used as material for the soil column experiment from June 2014 to October 2015. Different calcium fertilizer gradients and two cultivation methods (open field and plastic film cultivation) were used in this experiment, including no calcium (Ca0), medium calcium fertilizer (Ca375) and high calcium fertilizer (Ca750). The yield, N, P, K and Ca calcium content, accumulation, distribution characteristics and utilization efficiency of peanut were studied at maturity stage. The results showed that with the increased calcium application, the accumulation and distribution of nitrogen in leaves, stems, roots, gynophore and fruit shells of peanut decreased significantly, while the accumulation and distribution of nitrogen of seed kernel and total accumulation of plant increased. Nitrogen distribution rate of leaf and gynophore decreased under plastic film cultivation. The additional calcium fertilizer was beneficial to the uptake and accumulation of phosphorus in peanut seed kernel, and significantly reduced the distribution ratio of leaf, stem, root, gynophore and fruit shell. The cultivation of plastic film increased the uptake of phosphorus of plant and decreased the phosphorus distribution ratio of stem. Potassium accumulation and distribution rate in seed kernel of peanut increased under calcium application and film mulching cultivation. The synergistic relationship between total calcium accumulation and total nitrogen accumulation (the coefficient of determination R2 = 0.7837) was better than that of total calcium accumulation and potassium and phosphorus accumulation (the coefficient R2 = 0.6591, 0.2019). The production efficiency (PE) and harvest index (HI) of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were increased by increasing calcium fertilizer. N, P, K requirement for 100kg pods of Ca750-OF treatment compared with Ca0-OF treatment saved 3.17 to 4.04kg, 0.27-0.30kg, 2.65 to 3.41kg, respectively. Therefore, the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer could be reduced by application of calcium fertilizer in peanut production, which was beneficial for achieving higher yield and greater cultivation efficiency of peanuts.