Role of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea in the induction of intestinal metaplasia and gastric adenocarcinoma in Mongolian gerbils infected with Helicobacter pylori

BACKGROUND: Progression from intestinal metaplasia to neoplasia has not been demonstrated experimentally. The hypothesis that gastric adenocarcinoma arises from intestinal metaplasia was tested in a Mongolian gerbil model of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. METHODS: One hundred and fourteen specific pathogen-free gerbils were divided in five groups. A and D: infected with H. pylori and administered the carcinogen N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU); C and E: received MNU; B: H. pylori, but no MNU. Animals were killed at 41 weeks, stomachs were mapped, and the relationship between metaplasia and cancer was assessed. RESULTS: Intestinal metaplasia occurred more frequently in the H. pylori-infected, MNU-treated gerbils than in those receiving H. pylori inoculation only (P < 0.01). Carcinomas arose only in H. pylori-infected animals receiving MNU (8 well differentiated, 2 poorly differentiated, and 10 signet ring). Intestinal metaplasia occurred more frequently in association with intestinal-type carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Intestinal metaplasia and adenocarcinoma arise in stomachs subjected to the same injuries (in this study, H. pylori and MNU). Only two intestinal-type carcinomas were contiguous to intestinal metaplasia; all other tumors developed most commonly at non-metaplastic sites. This suggests that in this animal model H. pylori and MNU induce several phenotypes of gastric cancer, but intestinal metaplasia may be a direct precursor only in a subset of the intestinal-type tumors.