Do influxes of atypical labor make sport event workers prone to exploitation? |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Texas Tech University, 2500 Broadway, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;2. Oklahoma State University, 111 S. Hester Street, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;3. Fairleigh Dickinson University, 1000 River Rd, Teaneck, NJ 07666, USA;4. Florida State University, 600 W College Ave, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA;1. Institute of Immunology, UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany;2. Medical Department I, Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, UKSH Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany;3. Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Group Inflammatory Carcinogenesis, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany;4. Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany;5. Institute for Medical Informatics and Statistics, UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany;6. Department of Pathology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany;7. Medical Department III, Community Hospital Kiel, Kiel, Germany;8. Department of Surgery, Community Hospital Kiel, Kiel, Germany;9. Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany;10. Institute of Pathology, Community Hospital Kiel, Kiel, Germany;1. Institute of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08, Bratislava, Slovakia;2. Institute od Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University and Cytopathos Ltd., Limbova 12, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia;1. School of Kinesiology, 50 Field House Drive, Room 112, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;2. Department of Health and Sport Sciences, Room 104J – SAC E, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA |
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| Abstract: | Sport organizations that host events are pulsating organizations because they gain an influx of workers for a short duration. The influx often consists of atypical workers including independent contractors, seasonal workers, temporary workers, interns, prison workers, and volunteers. Atypical workers have fewer rights and protections compared with standard employees. So, when sport organizations swell to include these underprotected workers, they may create situations where worker exploitation or litigation are likely. The authors used an exploratory doctrinal-comparative analysis to examine the legal employment relations established between sport event workers and pulsating organizations. A doctrinal analysis of US Federal labor law revealed 13 worker categories, with distinct rights and protections, which may be found at sport events. The authors used exploratory methods to apply the categories to a season of college football home games at an FBS Division I University. Workers belonging to every category except one (prison labor) were observed. The findings confirmed that, when sport organizations swell, they tend to gain workers belonging to categories with fewer legal protections. It is also estimated that at least 28 percent of workers on any given game day misclassified themselves as volunteers. Subsequently, there is evidence that sport events, because of the influx of atypical workers, may create exploitive and sometimes litigious situations. |
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| Keywords: | Human resources Pulsating organizations Labor law Volunteers College athletics Atypical work Precarious work Event management |
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