Merging wildlife community ecology with animal behavioral ecology for a better urban landscape planning |
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| Authors: | Jukka Jokimäki Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki Jukka Suhonen Philippe Clergeau Marco Pautasso Esteban Fernández-Juricic |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, P.O. Box 122, FI-96101 Rovaniemi, Finland;2. Rovaniemi University of Applied Sciences, Rantavitikka Campus, Jokiväylä 11, FI-96300 Rovaniemi, Finland;3. Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland;4. Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Department of Ecology and Biodiversity Management, 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France;5. Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, SL5 7PY Ascot, UK;6. Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;1. Institute of Infection and Global Health, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK;2. International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya;3. Institute of Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK;4. Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK;1. Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, U.S.A.;2. Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, U.S.A.;1. Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;2. Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin, Wallotstrasse 19, 14193 Berlin, Germany |
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| Abstract: | Cities are extremely human-modified environments, with few existing original habitats. Local, regional and global studies have indicated scale-dependent patterns of communities in relation to urbanization. In general, species with high abundance in urban environments are generalist species, whereas specialists have declined. However, these results do not indicate directly if urban habitats are either sink or source habitats for wildlife. Reproductive success, mortality, and dispersion are key factors to improve our understanding of how to support more diverse animal communities in urban environments. We need more research on the factors affecting the behavioral responses to urbanization of species with different life-histories. Some studies have demonstrated that urbanization has clear impacts on the behavior of wildlife species, a character that is strongly related to the success of species in a given habitat. Indeed, animals can adapt to urban ecosystems behaviorally, for example, by adjusting their food preferences, foraging behavior, anti-predator behavior, or extending the length of their reproduction season. Merging community and behavioral ecology will enable a more effective conservation of remnant semi-natural habitats in urbanized landscapes. |
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