论海水养殖的养殖容量

养殖容量应是一个包含环境、生态和经济等诸多因素的综合概念。养殖容量可定义为：单位水体内在保护环境、节约资源和保证应有效益等各个方面都符合可持续发展要求的最大养殖量。合理地利用养殖容量就是要形成一个结构优化和功能高效的养殖生态系统，使所投入的物质得到反复循环、初级生产力得到多途径利用，从而提高生产效益和养殖效益，避免物质的浪费及自身和环境的污染。从养殖生态系统运转的驱动因素来分析，主要靠太阳辐射直接提供能源的系统，如海带养殖系统、扇贝筏式养殖系统等，可称为自养型或自然营养型养殖系统；主要靠人工投饲来提供能源的系统，如对虾池塘养殖系统、吃食性鱼类网箱养殖系统等，可称为异养型或人工营养型养殖系统。这两类养殖系统在生态学上有很多互补性，它们的复合可提高养殖水体的养殖容量。

On the Carrying Capacity of Mariculture

Carrying capacity is a complex concept involving environment, ecology and economy, and may be defined as the maximum cultural amount per unit waters in which environment protecting, resource saving and profit gaining are satisfiable with the demand of sustainable development. The so called reasonable utilization of carrying capacity of cultural waters is that an aquaculture ecosystem is constructed, in which the structure is optimized and the function is effective, that the materials input and primary production are recycled and utilized through many channels, that its production and cultural effects are higher, and that resource saving and pollution prevention are well done. According to the driving factors of systems aquaculture ecosystems can be divided into two groups. One is called the autotrophic or natural trophic system, such as a kelp culture system or a raft culture system for scallop, which obtains energy from solar radiation and obtains nutrients from waters; the other is called the heterotrophic or artificial trophic system, such as a net culture system for feeds-feeding fish or a pond culture system for shrimp, which obtains energy mainly from artificial feeds. There are many features of ecological mutual compensation between the two types of aquaculture systems, therefore, a compound of the two types of systems can enhance the carrying capacity of cultural waters.