| Abstract: | The human spine is a biomechanical structure that allows complex motions while providing stability and protection for the spinal cord during a variety of loading conditions. In this study, finite element models of spine are developed to investigate clinical problems as well as to predict its biomechanical behaviour. This research proposes a combination of an online real-time FE simulator and an offline nonlinear FEA solver. Haptic feedback is provided in the online FE simulator to enhance the human–computer interaction of the system. Primitive results of spinal deformation can be obtained from the haptic online FE simulator. The offline FEA solver provides detailed deformation and strain/stress information based on the primary simulation results from the online FE simulator. |
