Perturbateurs endocriniens et contamination orale : l’intestin oublié

Endocrine disruptors are a diverse group of compounds of natural origin (phytoestrogens and mycotoxins) or chemicals (phthalates, bisphenols, parabens or pesticides) that could create an imbalance in the homeostasis of the hormonal system, primarily in the signaling pathways involving sex steroids and thyroid hormones. Animal studies have extensively documented deleterious effects on the body, on reproductive function, metabolic and cerebral functions, particularly when exposure begins during fetal and neonatal life. If the oral contamination is a major route of contamination by these agents, a hormonal imbalance in the digestive functions has rarely been taken into account. In particular, estrogen receptors are expressed abundantly in the intestine, from the fetal stage, where endocrine disruptors, mainly xenoestrogens, are likely to have an effect. This article presents a review of known effects of xenoestrogens on gut barrier function, from the perinatal period through adulthood. Although the aetiology of diseases of the digestive system is complex and still poorly understood, clinical data contribute to the present chronic use of steroids in women (oral contraception, hormone replacement therapy) as risk factors in the development or activity of Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, where xenoestrogens may act as cofactors.