昆明市水资源短缺空间格局综合分析

水资源短缺是影响昆明市区域经济高速、稳定发展的核心问题之一。依据2001—2012年《昆明市水资源公报》数据,采用基尼系数、人均水资源量、水资源开发利用率、水资源负载指数等方法分别对昆明市的水资源变化趋势、时空分布特征、匹配性、短缺格局进行分析。研究结果表明:昆明市人均水资源量不及云南省及全国平均水平,且内部差异明显,多年平均人均水资源量极值比高达10.78,最少的地区为主城四区(299 m³/人);水资源量与GDP、人口匹配性较差,与耕地匹配性相对较好;昆明市水资源主要呈现出“南缺北丰”格局,且缺水地区数量不断增多,多数地区缺水等级逐渐加重。雨洪利用、多方面节水、跨区域调水、产业结构调整等是缓解昆明市水资源短缺的有效措施。

Comprehensive Analysis on Spatial Pattern of Water Resources Shortage in Kunming City

Water resources shortage is one of the core problems affecting the rapid growth and stability of economy in Kunming city.According to statistical data from Kunming Water Resource Bulletins from 2001 to 2012,the variation trend,temporal-spatial distributions,matching conditions and patterns of shortage of water resources in Kunming were analyzed by calculating the Gini coefficient,per capita water resources amount,utilization ratio,and load index of water resources.Results revealed that 1) the amount of per capita water resources in Kunming was less than the average values in Yunnan or in China with obvious uneven spatial distribution in the city:the average annual per capita water resources in four main urban areas reached the minimum 299 m3 per capita,while the extremes ratio was up to 10.78;2)water resources matched well with cultivated land rather than GDP and population;3) water resources were rich in northern counties but poor in southern counties of Kunming city,and in addition,the number of regions in water shortage increased,with the shortage level deteriorating gradually;4) rainwater utilization,water conservation measures,interregional water transfer and industrial restructuring are effective countermeasures of water shortage in Kunming city.