古今中西之争视域中的晚清海防战略嬗变

晚清海防战略嬗变是近代古今中西之争的产物。从中西之争看，从鸦片战争至甲午战争，在师夷之“技”“学”“道”的过程中，海防战略经历了“师夷长技以制夷”“师夷智以造炮制船”“塞防与海防并重”“以精炼海军为第一要务”“海权论指引下重建海军”的嬗变历程。从古今之争看，与“师夷”相伴的是对中国传统价值系统的维护，既有改良派、洋务派及维新派在“器变道不变”“中体西用”“道器兼备”及“由器进道”的思维框架中吸纳西学以维护传统，也有顽固派通过抵制西学以维护传统。古今中西之争既促进了海防战略嬗变又制约其西化的彻底性，进而对晚清海防成败产生了深远影响。

The Strategy Evolution of Coastal Defense in the Late Qing Dynasty from the Perspective of Contemporary and Contemporary Sino-Western Disputes

The evolution of coastal defense strategy in the late Qing Dynasty was the result of the dispute between China and the West and between ancient and modern. From the point of view of the dispute between China and the West, China studied western country’s “technology”, “learning” and “Tao” from the Opium War to the Sino-Japanese War. The strategy of coastal defense experienced the evolution of “using barbarian skills to control barbarians” “dividing and barbarian wisdom to build artillery ships” “laying equal stress on both fortress defense and coastal defense” “refining the Navy as the first priority” and “rebuilding the Navy under the guidance of the sea power theory”. From the point of view of the dispute between ancient and modern times, it was accompanied by the maintenance of the traditional value system of China. There were reformers, Westerners and new reformers who adopted Western learning to maintain tradition in the frame of thinking of “Qi’s changing and Tao’s invariable” “Chinese essence and Western utility” “combining Tao with the Qi” and “entering the Tao from Qi”. There were also die-hards who adopted Western learning to maintain tradition by resisting western learning. The dispute between ancient and modern China and the West not only promoted the evolution of coastal defense strategy but also restricted the thoroughness of its westernization, which had a far-reaching impact on the success or failure of coastal defense in the late Qing Dynasty