Microcystin in multiple life stages of Hexagenia limbata,with implications for toxin transfer |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Ryerson University, Department of Chemistry and Biology, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada;2. Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, ON M9P 3V6, Canada;3. University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Box 111, 80100 Joensuu, Finland;1. National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, United States;2. International Joint Commission, Great Lakes Regional Office, Windsor, ON, Canada;3. Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada;4. Independent Consultant, Wimauma, FL, United States;5. Department of Biology, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, United States;1. Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada;2. Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1B 3X9, Canada;3. Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada;4. Daniel P. Haerther Center for Conservation and Research, John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, IL 60605, United States;5. Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute C-4306, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada;1. Department of Economics, Wesleyan University, 238 Church Street, Middletown, CT 06459, United States;2. Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 427 Lorch St., Madison, WI 53706, United States;1. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada;2. Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3V6, Canada;1. Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden;2. Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden;3. Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden;4. Institute for Ethnomedicine, PO Box 3464, Jackson, WY 83001, USA |
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| Abstract: | Microcystins are present in some aquatic organisms, but the potential transfer to and accumulation in terrestrial organisms is less understood. We measured microcystin concentrations in multiple terrestrial life stages of Hexagenia limbata to determine whether this cyanotoxin is transferred from one life stage to another and if H. limbata subimagos and imagos transport the algal toxin microcystin into terrestrial systems. Hexagenia limbata (n = 43) were hand collected from the shore of a low-nutrient lake with a history of Microcystis aeruginosa, located in Michigan’s Lower Peninsula. We quantified microcystin concentrations in H. limbata with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (n = 39), with a subset verified with high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (n = 8, including duplicates). Microcystin ranged from the method limit of detection (MLOD) to 0.64 µg/g dry weight with detectable concentrations in subimagos, imagos, and spent females, indicating a potential for transport of this toxin to terrestrial systems. These data indicate that emerging aquatic insects are a potential vector for the transfer of microcystins from aquatic to terrestrial food webs and may pose a threat in and around systems with both H. limbata and more extensive blooms of M. aeruginosa. |
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| Keywords: | Life stages Microcystin Terrestrial transfer Aquatic-terrestrial transfer |
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