轮径差对车辆系统稳定性的影响

通过对有轮径差的转向架进行受力分析,理论推断出由于轮径差的存在而改变轮对的对中平衡位置,进而改变轮轨接触关系,影响车辆系统的稳定性。根据轮径差的大小将轮径差对车辆系统稳定性的影响划分为易稳定区、欠稳定区和亚稳定区。在易稳定区内,车辆系统的稳定性较高,而且不易发生轮对偏磨;在欠稳定区内,车辆系统的稳定性较差而且容易发生踏面偏磨;在亚稳定区内,虽然车辆系统的稳定性也比较高,但容易发生轮缘偏磨。运用数字仿真对理论推断进行验证,结果表明理论推断是正确的。为了提高车辆系统的稳定性和减轻车轮的磨耗,应尽量减小轮径差,使车辆经常运行于易稳定区。     

A General Method for the Evaluation of Vehicle Manoeuvrability with Special Emphasis on Motorcycles

This paper presents a novel approach to the assessment of the manoeuvrability of vehicles which is not based on the simulation of open-loop manoeuvres, nor does it rely on the modelling of the driver as a control system. Instead, the essence of the method is the solution of a two-point optimal control boundary value problem, in which a vehicle, subject to physical constraints like tyre adherence and road borders, among others, is required to go between given initial and final positions as fast as possible. The control inputs - i.e., the driver's actions - that make the vehicle move between the two states in the most efficient way are found as a part of the solution procedure and represent the actions of a sort of ideal, perfect driver. The resulting motion is called the optimal manoeuvre and, besides being the most efficient way that the given vehicle has for travelling between the two points according to the chosen optimal criterion, may be taken as a reference for meaningful comparisons with other vehicles. The value of the penalty function, used to define the optimal condition occurring at the optimal manoeuvre, may be taken as a measure of manoeuvrability or handling. With this approach the manoeuvrability properties are established as intrinsic to the vehicle, being defined with respect to an ideal perfect driver. Some possible forms of the penalty function, which means slightly different concepts of manoeuvrability and handling, are discussed. In the end, the case of motorcycles and some examples of optimal manoeuvres are given.     

Dynamics of an isolated railway wheelset with conformal wheel–rail interactions

ABSTRACT

In multi-body dynamics, we model a non-conformal wheel/rail contact at one centre point since this contact is flat and Hertzian. However, the quasi-conformal contact requires more points since the contact is curved and non-Hertzian. The methodology in solving these points during dynamic simulations is the basis of this development. In this online effort, first, we present a general contact joint and the gutter search method of Pascal and Jourdan [The rigid-multi-Hertzian method as applied to conformal contacts. USA: ASME; 2007] in the context of a multi-body approach. Next, by adopting the non-iterative approach, a subset of these points with positive profile interpenetrations is selected to idealise one curved contact by a set of multi-Hertzian patches for which the Hertz normal contact solution is available. Finally, the feasibility of this multibody approach together with its implementation in two different codes is evaluated by simulating the motion of an isolated wheelset with realistic inertia. On tangent tracks, the wheelset with non-conformal pairing displays self-excited unstable oscillations while it displays a stable behaviour below a critical speed with conformal profiles. A further study reveals the net friction losses at multiple patches within the curved contact being the reason for the stable behavior.     

柔性耦合单轮对走行系统的曲线性能分析和参数设计原则

建立柔性耦合单轮对走行系统的曲线通过模型。分析轮对冲角、脱轨系数和磨耗指数等主要性能指标与耦合连接横向、回转刚度等参数的关系,给出相应的连接参数设计原则。研究表明,柔性耦合轮对可以实现几乎纯径向的曲线通过,轮对曲线性能的耦合回转刚度的优化与单轮对系统的二系悬挂、车辆定距和耦合轮对轴距等参数有关,在优化耦合连接回转刚度的基础上,可以通过提高耦合连接的横向刚度来增加铰接车组的运动稳定性。     

轨距对机车车辆稳定性影响的研究

基于惯性力与轮对蛇行频率及波长间的关系,研究轨距对机车车辆稳定性的影响,并通过对各种轨距下单轮对走行部和转向架式走行部的特征值计算,验证分析结果。结果表明:对于单轮对走行部,轨距越宽,车辆稳定性临界速度越高;对于转向架式走行部,轨距越宽,机车车辆稳定性临界速度越低;采用弹性定位后,可以提高单轮对走行部的稳定性临界速度;转向架采用弹性定位之后,优化的悬挂设计可以使机车车辆达到很高的稳定性临界速度;对于转向架式走行部,速度对稳定性的影响程度与轴距的影响程度相当,在其他条件不变的情况下,轴距增大20%,相当于其稳定性临界速度可提高20%;车轮踏面等效锥度和名义滚动圆半径对单轮对或转向架式走行部稳定性临界速度的影响与轨距的影响程度相同,锥度加大或轮径减小,均会降低机车车辆的稳定性。     

轮对损伤诊断的模态分析方法

应用频率移动及模态振型变化进行结构损伤定位和损伤度诊断的基本原理,对铁路车辆轮对的损伤度进行诊断摸拟分析,用有限元方法得到了轮对卸荷槽附近在不同损伤度的条件下轮对模态频率和位移振幅幅值的变化趋势.分析指出损伤度小时频率移动小,损伤度大时频率移动大,当损伤度由小变大时,位移频率响应的幅值变化比较明显.当损伤度小时亦采用模态振型进行损伤诊断,当损伤度大时亦采用频率进行损伤诊断.     

轮对几何参数及缺陷激光自动测量方法

提出一种新的轮对几何参数及缺陷测量原理,在测量机构上部安装5套平行四边形机构和多个激光位移传感器,采用通过式测量方式,在轮对行走时实现对轮对踏面任意点直径、轮缘厚度、踏面磨耗及擦伤、轮辋厚等几何参数的自动测量,改变现有需要测量平台和轮对支撑与旋转机构的测量技术。介绍测量系统误差自动修正方法,提供了测量系统在现场安装试验结果。