海王碱性保健饮料的实验研究

海王碱性保健饮料是以海带为主要原料的制品。本文通过大鼠游泳耐力和耐缺氧试验证明，海王碱性保健饮料有明显地抗疲劳、抗缺氧作用（P＜0．01）。同时我们分析测试了饮料中营养素成分及其含量，本品富含碘、钙、铁、β—胡萝卜素和人体所必需的多种营养素及微量元素。     

山东省胶东半岛养殖海带部分元素含量水平分析及健康风险评估

目的 研究山东省胶东半岛养殖的140份海带中铅、镉、砷等10种金属及无机砷含量水平及分布特征,评估其对人体健康的潜在风险,以期为我国鲜海带制定卫生标准提供参考依据和数据支撑。方法 采用ICP-MS 法测定样品中铅、镉、砷等九种元素,原子荧光法测定汞,HPLC -ICP-MS联用法测定无机砷。采用目标危险系数评估鲜海带中金属对成人及儿童存在的潜在健康风险。结果 10种金属元素平均浓度依次递减为Al、As、Zn、Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb、Cd、Sn、Hg。 单个元素风险顺序为Cd> Cr> Al> Pb> Cu> Ni> Zn> Hg。单一元素的目标危险系数THQ值与多种金属的复合目标危险系数TTHQ值均小于1。虽然样品中总砷的含量非常高,但无机砷含量却很低,95%样品中无机砷未检出。结论 食用山东省胶东半岛养殖海带目前对人体不具有危险性。对人体健康危害最大的元素为镉,贡献率达32.4%（儿童）、32.2%（成人）。应关注海带中镉元素含量对人体健康造成的潜在威胁。对儿童来说多种金属的复合风险TTHQ值（0.877）已接近1,也应引起持续关注。     

Differential shuffling of native genetic diversity across introduced regions in a brown alga: aquaculture vs. maritime traffic effects

Worldwide marine invaders, such as the brown alga Undaria pinnatifida, offer challenging models for unraveling the apparent paradox of sustainable settlement of exotic species over a large spectrum of environments. Two intergenic noncoding mitochondrial loci were found to be highly informative at the within-species level. Twenty-five haplotypes were found over the whole dataset (333 base pairs, 524 individuals, and 24 populations). The native range showed striking population genetic structure stemming from low diversity within and high differentiation among populations, a pattern not observed in the introduced range of this seaweed. Contrary to classical expectations of founding effects associated with accidental introduction of exotic species, most of the introduced populations showed high genetic diversity. At the regional scale, genetic diversity and sequence divergence showed contrasting patterns in the two main areas of introduction (Europe and Australasia), suggesting different processes of introduction in the two regions. Gene genealogy analyses point to aquaculture as a major vector of introduction and spread in Europe but implicate maritime traffic in promoting recurrent migration events from the native range to Australasia. The multiplicity of processes and genetic signatures associated with the successful invasion confirms that multiple facets of global change, e.g., aquaculture practices, alteration of habitats, and increased traffic, act in synergy at the worldwide level, facilitating successful pandemic introductions.     

昆布多糖对肾纤维化大鼠肾组织内质网应激的保护作用

目的研究昆布多糖对肾纤维化大鼠肾组织内质网应激(ERS)分子伴侣GRP78、GRP94蛋白表达的影响。方法采用单侧输尿管梗阻(UUO)诱导大鼠肾间质纤维化的动物模型,将大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、依那普利组、昆布多糖高、中、低剂量组。术后第7天处死大鼠,收集血清测定肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN)水平。采用Western免疫印迹法检测大鼠肾组织GRP78、GRP94的蛋白表达;采用HE、Masson染色检测肾小管损伤及肾间质纤维化程度。结果各治疗组与模型组比较大鼠肾小管间质损伤指数、肾间质纤维化程度、血清Scr、BUN水平及肾组织GRP78、GRP94蛋白表达有差异(P<0.05;P<0.01),昆布多糖与依那普利组比较,大鼠肾组织GRP78、GRP94表达升高(P<0.05),肾小管间质损伤及肾间质纤维化程度明显降低(P<0.05),肾功能Scr、BUN明显降低(P<0.05)。结论UUO早期昆布多糖可能通过上调ERS分子伴侣GRP78、GRP94蛋白表达,协助变性蛋白进行重新折叠、装配及跨膜转运,抑制未折叠蛋白反应,阻断ERS应激信号传导通路,从而减轻肾间质纤维化的发生和发展。     

利用海带渣制备药用辅料微晶纤维素的研究

目的为了高效利用海洋生物资源,降低环境污染,以海带加工废弃海带渣为原料制备药用辅料微晶纤维素。方法利用海带渣纤维素与HCl进行水解反应制备微晶纤维素,并研究反应时间对微晶纤维素制备的影响。利用扫描电子显微镜观察微晶纤维素的形貌,利用X射线衍射仪分析微晶纤维素的物相组成的表征。测定产品和市售样品的溶胀性,并将产品和市售样品以阿司匹林为主药进行压片,按照中国药典的规定对其进行硬度、崩解度、溶出度对比考察。结果在酸料比为1∶10,,盐酸浓度为2mol.L-1,水解温度为100℃的条件下,最佳水解时间为40min。海带渣微晶纤维素呈不规则的颗粒状,结晶度为79%,晶粒尺寸为3.9nm。与市售样品相比较,产品压片后崩解时限短、溶出速度快。结论以海带渣为原料用于药用辅料微晶纤维素的制备是可行的,所制备的微晶纤维素性能良好。     

Incorporating biogeography into evaluations of the Channel Islands marine reserve network

Networks of marine reserves are increasingly a major component of many ecosystem-based management plans designed to conserve biodiversity, protect the structure and function of ecosystems, and rebuild and sustain fisheries. There is a growing need for scientific guidance in the design of network-wide monitoring programs to evaluate the efficacy of reserves at meeting their conservation and management goals. Here, we present an evaluation of the Channel Islands reserve network, which was established in 2003 off the coast of southern California. This reserve network spans a major environmental and biogeographic gradient, making it a challenge to assess network-wide responses of many species. Using fish community structure data from a long-term, large-scale monitoring program, we first identified persistent geographic patterns of community structure and the scale at which sites should be grouped for analysis. Fish communities differed most among islands with densities of individual species varying from 3- to 250-fold. Habitat structure differed among islands but not based on reserve status. Across the network, we found that, after 5 years, species targeted by fishing had higher densities (1.5×) and biomass (1.8×) inside reserves, whereas nontargeted species showed no significant differences. Examining trophic groups, piscivore and carnivore biomass was significantly greater inside reserves (1.8× and 1.3× more, respectively), whereas the biomass of planktivores and herbivores was similar inside and out. A framework for incorporating biogeographic variation into reserve network assessments is critical as we move from the evaluation of single reserves to networks of reserves.     

海带局部帖敷配合射频理疗治疗静脉炎

目的:观察海带局部贴敷配合TDP照射治疗静脉炎的疗效。方法:将46例由不同原因引起的静脉炎患者按发生静脉炎的先后顺序随机分为观察组和对照组,各23例。观察组采用海带局部贴敷配合射频理疗进行治疗,对照组则采用传统的硫酸镁湿敷疗法。结果:观察组治疗效果明显优于对照组。结论:海带局部贴敷是临床治疗静脉炎较为简便且疗效较好的方法。     

Sea otters,kelp forests,and the extinction of Steller’s sea cow

The late Pleistocene extinction of so many large-bodied vertebrates has been variously attributed to two general causes: rapid climate change and the effects of humans as they spread from the Old World to previously uninhabited continents and islands. Many large-bodied vertebrates, especially large apex predators, maintain their associated ecosystems through top-down forcing processes, especially trophic cascades, and megaherbivores also exert an array of strong indirect effects on their communities. Thus, a third possibility for at least some of the Pleistocene extinctions is that they occurred through habitat changes resulting from the loss of these other keystone species. Here we explore the plausibility of this mechanism, using information on sea otters, kelp forests, and the recent extinction of Steller''s sea cows from the Commander Islands. Large numbers of sea cows occurred in the Commander Islands at the time of their discovery by Europeans in 1741. Although extinction of these last remaining sea cows during early years of the Pacific maritime fur trade is widely thought to be a consequence of direct human overkill, we show that it is also a probable consequence of the loss of sea otters and the co-occurring loss of kelp, even if not a single sea cow had been killed directly by humans. This example supports the hypothesis that the directly caused extinctions of a few large vertebrates in the late Pleistocene may have resulted in the coextinction of numerous other species.Explanations for the sudden extinction of more than half of the New World’s megafauna at the Pleistocene/Holocene transition is a topic of long-standing interest and debate. Argument has focused on the relative importance of two would-be causes: rapid environmental change associated with late Pleistocene glacial recession, and the effect of early humans crossing Beringia and spreading into the New World. The absence of extinctions in the New World during earlier interglacial periods, together with discovery of similar large-animal losses after the peopling of various other continents and islands, but at widely differing times, has cast doubt on climate change as the extinctions’ principal cause (1, 2). This reasoning led to the now widely held belief that human impacts figured prominently in megafaunal extinctions worldwide (3, 4).The intriguing question is just how aboriginal peoples did this. Was the sudden disappearance of so many large animals entirely a consequence of hunting and overexploitation (5, 6), a pandemic from diseases introduced by early humans or domesticated animals they may have brought with them (7), human-induced environmental changes (e.g., as might have accompanied deforestation or burning) (8), or some combination of these processes?Another possibility, less discussed in the literature on megafaunal extinctions, is that reductions and complete extinctions of directly hunted species may have led to the loss of other species through cascading indirect interactions. Most speculation about such effects has focused on the loss or decline of predators or scavengers that relied on human-depleted prey [e.g., California condors (9) and Haast’s eagle (10)]. Although that is one possible pathway to coextinction, there are others. Ecosystems are organized around complex interaction webs in which certain species, variously referred to as keystones (11, 12), foundation species (13), and ecosystem engineers (14), can have disproportionately strong influences on population and ecosystem dynamics. Included among these strong interactors are many large-bodied vertebrates (15). Given the abilities of such species to shape the ecosystems in which they occur, it is possible that loss of one or more species by direct human exploitation led to ecosystem changes that in turn caused the demise of multiple other species. Although there has been conjecture that such losses could have significantly contributed to the Pleistocene extinctions (16, 17), detailed understanding of the ecological roles of now-extinct species makes direct examination of this idea difficult. Nonetheless, reliance of some species on the direct or indirect effects of others in complex natural communities mean that a loss of one species may have led to losses of others (18, 19).Here we explore an example (that of Steller’s sea cow, Hydrodamalis gigas) that can help inform this hypothesis for Pleistocene extinctions. This particular case is intriguing and potentially informative because various aspects of the rise and fall of sea cows are reasonably well known; the final step in the sea cows’ demise occurred just several hundred years ago, in the presence of modern human observers; and dynamics of the coastal kelp forest interaction web, to which the sea cow was intimately linked, have been extensively studied and are well understood. Although aboriginal people (and early Russian fur traders in the Commander Islands) exploited sea cows and may have reduced or even exterminated local populations through that process, humans also hunted and reduced sea otter populations to such low levels that the otter’s keystone role in maintaining the kelp forest ecosystem (20) was lost (21–23). Sea cows lived in kelp forests and fed on kelp, thus raising the question of the relative importance in driving the sea cow’s demise of the direct effects of human exploitation vs. the indirect effects of reduced food or altered habitat caused by the ecological extinction of sea otters.In this article, we use historical records of sea otter harvest from the early maritime fur trade, the functional relationship between sea otter density and kelp abundance, and data on the demographic and behavioral responses to food shortages of dugongs (the sea cow’s closest living relative) to argue that the sea cow’s extinction in the Commander Islands would have almost inevitably occurred without a single direct human take of the species. We discuss the broader ramifications of this finding to the extinction of sea cows elsewhere in the North Pacific and to extinctions of other large vertebrates after the peopling of the world.     

冰片海带粉湿敷治疗静脉输液外渗性损伤的疗效观察

目的：观察冰片海带粉湿敷治疗静脉输液外渗性损伤的疗效。方法：将48例患者随机分为治疗组和对照组，治疗组用冰片海带粉湿敷，对照组用硫酸镁溶液湿敷，观察两组疗效。结果：治疗组的效果优于对照组效果的50％。结论：冰片海带粉湿敷治疗静脉输液外渗性损伤，治疗效果优于硫酸镁。     

海带颗粒去除水中汞、镉、铅的实验研究

[目的 ]探讨汞 (Hg)、镉 (Cd)和铅 (Pb)离子在海带颗粒上的静态吸附平衡和填充柱动态吸附特性。 [方法 ]市售干海带经磨碎、筛分 ,选取 3 0～ 60目的颗粒 ,经 1%HNO3 和 1mol/LCaCl2 浸洗。用静态平衡法测定二价Hg、Cd和Pb离子在海带上的富集平衡。将动态数学模型模拟的海带颗粒填充柱流出液浓度响应曲线与实验测定值进行比较 ,得出填充柱颗粒间弥散系数和颗粒内扩散系数。 [结果 ]这 3种重金属在海带颗粒上单组分的富集量与水相浓度的依赖关系可用Langmuir方程描述 ,回归得到的 3种重金属单组分饱和富集量为 0 .2 47、0 .173和 1.2 2 0mmol/g ,颗粒内扩散系数为 1.61× 10 -7、1.0 4× 10 -7和 9.89× 10 -7cm2 /s。 [结论 ]经较高浓度钙离子预处理的海带颗粒对这 3种重金属有很强的富集能力 ,回归得到的Hg、Cd、Pb离子在海带颗粒内的扩散系数远较理论估算的主体电解质溶液中的扩散系数为小 ,反映了颗粒内扩散通道的复杂结构对离子扩散的阻碍作用