迟发性倾倒综合征导致的严重低血糖一例报告

倾倒综合征是食管、胃及减肥手术后常见的并发症。本文介绍胃贲门癌术后8年因反复严重低血糖就诊的迟发性倾倒综合征１例,对患者予以阿卡波糖治疗后血糖控制稳定;随访2年,未再出现过乏力、心慌等低血糖反应。本研究旨在探讨迟发性倾倒综合征的诊断、治疗方法等,以提高对该疾病的认识。     

Effect of Acarbose on Vascular Disease in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Tolerance

INTRODUCTION: Excessive postprandial (pp) glucose excursion in people with IGT and type 2 diabetes is associated with a cascade of proatherogenic events. Acarbose, a potent competitive inhibitor of alpha-glucosidases of the small intestine specifically reduces pp hyperglycemia with an average reduction of HbA1c by 0.8% in Cochrane metaanalysis. This is associated with pleiotropic effects on a broad spectrum of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors: reduction of overweight, lowering of blood pressure, triglycerides, hsCRP, fibrinogen and other biomarkers of low grade inflammation. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Flow mediated vasodilation was improved and progression of intima media thickness was reduced by acarbose. In the STOP-NIDDM trial in people with IGT acarbose decreased the incidence of diabetes by 36%. The STOP-NIDDM trial with CV events as secondary objective is the only intervention trial in people with IGT so far with a significant benefit for CV disease inclusive hypertension. In a metaanalysis of controlled studies (MeRIA) in patients with type 2 diabetes, treatment with acarbose was associated with a 64% lower rate of myocardial infarction and 35% less CV events. CONCLUSION: Thus results so far available prove that acarbose is an effective and safe drug to treat abnormal glucose tolerance. They suggest that acarbose can help to control a broad spectrum of CV risk factors and may prevent CV disease.     

Miglitol,a new α-glucosidase inhibitor

Miglitol (Bay m 1099, Bayer) is a second generation α-glucosidase inhibitor. It is a derivative of 1-desoxynojirimycin, and binds reversibly to the brushborder α-glucosidase enzymes. In contrast to its parent drug (acarbose, Bay g 5421, Bayer), miglitol is almost completely absorbed in the small intestine. It has to be taken with each main meal, and through its effect on carbohydrate digestion it blunts the postprandial blood glucose increase. Miglitol has no or a very small effect on fasting blood glucose levels. The blood-glucose lowering effects of miglitol in patients with Type 2 diabetes are lower than those of the frequently-used sulphonylurea compounds. Long-term studies show that a moderate average reduction of HbA1c of 0.3 - 0.7% point from baseline can be achieved. An advantage over sulphonylurea is the effect on serum insulin levels: miglitol therapy leads to slightly lower postprandial levels of serum insulin, whereas chronic sulphonylurea treatment usually increases serum insulin levels. This insulin-sparing effect may, in theory, lead to a lesser weight gain or even no weight gain and reduced risk of hypoglycaemia during chronic treatment. Long-term experience in Type 1 diabetic patients is limited. Similarly, miglitol may lead to reduced postprandial glucose excursions, slightly reduced insulin requirements and perhaps, as a consequence, a lower risk of hypoglycaemia. More long-term data are needed to fully assess to the clinical use of miglitol in these patients.     

α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂Radicamine A的初步研究

目的探讨RadicamineA对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制作用和对小肠葡萄糖吸收的影响。方法建立α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制模型,采用α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制实验测定RadicamineA对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制作用;采用体外小肠外翻肠囊模型来测定RadicamineA对小肠葡萄糖吸收的抑制作用。结果RadicamineA对α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制作用呈剂量依赖性,其IC50为2.27mg/L,与拜糖平对α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制作用相比较无显著性差异;且RadicamineA能明显抑制小肠对葡萄糖的吸收(P<0.01),也呈剂量依赖性,其IC50为0.10mg/ml。与拜糖平对小肠葡萄糖吸收的抑制作用相比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论RadicamineA能显著抑制小肠葡萄糖的吸收,有望成为一种治疗糖尿病的药物。     

Influence of gallic acid on α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory properties of acarbose

Acarbose is an antidiabetic drug which acts by inhibiting α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities but with deleterious side effects. Gallic acid (GA) is a phenolic acid that is widespread in plant foods. We therefore investigated the influence of GA on α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory properties of acarbose (in vitro). Aqueous solutions of acarbose and GA were prepared to a final concentration of 25μM each. Thereafter, mixtures of the samples (50% acarbose + 50% GA; 75% acarbose + 25% GA; and 25% acarbose + 75% GA) were prepared. The results revealed that the combination of 50% acarbose and 50% GA showed the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory effect, while 75% acarbose + 25% GA showed the highest α-amylase inhibitory effect. Furthermore, all the samples caused the inhibition of Fe²⁺-induced lipid peroxidation (in vitro) in rat pancreatic tissue homogenate, with the combination of 50% acarbose and 50% GA causing the highest inhibition. All the samples also showed antioxidant properties (reducing property, 2,2′-azino-bis (-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate [ABTS*] and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] free radicals scavenging abilities, and Fe²⁺ chelating ability). Therefore, combinations of GA with acarbose could be employed as antidiabetic therapy, with a possible reduction of side effects of acarbose; nevertheless, the combination of 50% acarbose and 50% GA seems the best.     

Safe and effective treatment of diabetes mellitus associated with chronic liver diseases with an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, acarbose

Glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus are both prevalent in patients with chronic liver diseases. We examined the efficacy and systemic safety of therapy with an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, acarbose, in diabetes mellitus associated with chronic liver diseases. Twenty patients with chronic hepatitis or liver cirrhosis and overt diabetes mellitus received acarbose (taken orally) for 8 weeks. The initial dosage of acarbose was 50mg three times daily, taken before meals; this was increased to 100mg three times daily after 2 weeks. The mean fasting plasma glucose level was 173.7±18.6mg/dl (mean±SE) at entry, and was significantly decreased to 132.9±7.5mg/dl (P<0.05) after 8 weeks of acarbose treatment. The improved glycemic control was reflected by a significant decrease in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) from 7.2±0.3% at entry to 6.3±0.2% (P<0.05) after 8 weeks. Serum levels of both aspartate and alanine aminotransferases fluctuated during acarbose treatment, probably due to the natural course of chronic liver diseases, but the mean values had decreased after 8 weeks of treatment. Plasma ammonia levels increased, from 61.3±10.7μg/dl to 71.1±9.6μg/dl after 8 weeks of acarbose treatment but the increase was not significant. Clinically significant elevation of plasma ammonia concentration was seen in 2 cirrhotic patients (121 and 124μg/dl); this was asymptomatic and gradually returned to the normal range despite continuous acarbose treatment in one patient, and was reversed after the withdrawal of acarbose with the concomitant administration of lactulose in the other patient. No other blood tests results, including albumin, cholinesterase, and prothrombin time, or lipid profile and nutritional status, in terms of rapid turnover proteins, prealbumin, retinol binding protein, and transferrin, were altered throughout the study period. These results indicate that diabetes mellitus associated with chronic liver diseases may be safely and effectively treated with acarbose. However, clinicians must be aware of the possibility of hyperammonemia when they prescribe acarbose for patients with diabetes mellitus and advanced liver cirrhosis.     

门冬胰岛素30联合阿卡波糖治疗对初诊2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞的保护作用

目的：探讨门冬胰岛素30联合阿卡波糖治疗初诊2型糖尿病患者,患者糖代谢和胰岛β细胞功能的改善情况。方法：选取30例糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）〉8.5%的初诊2型糖尿病患者,在严格饮食控制的基础上予以12周的门冬胰岛素30联合阿卡波糖治疗方案。患者在治疗前后,连续3 d监测指尖血糖,计算平均空腹血糖（FPG）及餐后2 h血糖（PPG）,并检测HbA1c;同时进行75 g口服葡萄糖耐量试验,计算胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）、胰岛细胞分泌功能指数（HOMA-β）,早相胰岛素分泌指数（ΔI30/ΔG30）,第二时相胰岛素分泌指数（AUCI）。结果：治疗后,患者血糖控制情况FPG、PPG、HbA1c较治疗前明显降低（P〈0.05）,HOMA-IR明显改善（P〈0.05）,HOMA-β和ΔI30/ΔG30均明显提高（P〈0.05）,AUCI治疗前后无明显变化（P〉0.05）。结论：门冬胰岛素30联合阿卡波糖治疗初诊2型糖尿病患者,不仅有效改善糖代谢,而且能保护胰岛β细胞功能,改善早相胰岛素的分泌。     

卡博平和拜唐苹治疗2型糖尿病疗效的比较

目的比较卡博平和拜唐苹的临床疗效及安全性。方法140例2型糖尿病患者患者随机分为2组，治疗组70例2型糖尿病患者口服卡博平治疗，每次0．5g，每日三次，对照组70例2型糖尿病患者口服拜唐苹．方法同治疗组，疗程为24周。同时观察空腹及餐后2h血糖、血清胰岛素水平、体重指数、糖化血红蛋白、空腹时的红细胞胰岛素受体和红细胞膜流动性治疗前后变化。结果卡博平治疗组与拜唐苹对照组治疗前后自身空腹及餐后2h血糖在第4周就有明显降低（P〈0．05）。6个月有显著降低（P〈0．01）、体重指数。糖化血红蛋白、空腹和餐后2h胰岛素水平比较，在第4周没有统计学差异（P〉0．05），6个月有显著降低（P〈0．01）；两组之间比较没有统计学差异（P〉0．05）。磺脲类药＋卡博平或拜唐苹两组治疗前后各项指标比较有相同变化。胰岛素＋卡博平或拜唐苹两组治疗前后各项指标比较也有相同变化。两者的不良反应在本实验中无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论卡博平和拜唐苹同样疗效，用药安全。     

Acarbose is an effective adjunct to dietary therapy in the treatment of hypertriglyceridaemias

AIMS: In diabetics, acarbose causes a reduction of blood glucose and triglyceride levels. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of this drug in non diabetic subjects with hypertriglyceridaemia. METHODS: Thirty non diabetic patients with hypertriglyceridaemia type IIb or IV (24 males, six females; mean age 51.1+/-10.2 years) were studied. They were stratified into two groups depending on their basal triglyceride concentration (group A: triglyceride values 4.5 mmol l-1 ). Treatment consisted of 4 week courses of diet plus acarbose (50 mg twice daily) alternating with 4 weeks of diet alone for a total period of 16 weeks. RESULTS: Mean triglyceride values decreased significantly during the first and third cycles of therapy, i.e. diet plus acarbose treatment cycles in both patient groups. Group A also had significant reductions in total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol concentrations after completion of the acarbose treatment. Reduction of triglyceride levels was observed after both acarbose courses in patients affected by hypertriglyceridaemia type IIb. A marked reduction of triglyceride concentrations was achieved by patients affected by hypertriglyceridaemia type IV after the second acarbose course only. CONCLUSIONS: Diet alone did not reduce triglyceride concentrations to normal values in our patients. The data suggest that acarbose is a useful adjunct to dietary control in non-diabetic patients affected by severe hypertriglyceridaemia.