月华胶囊对耐多药结核分支杆菌感染自噬的影响

目的:以月华胶囊含药血清对耐多药结核分支杆菌感染小鼠单核巨噬细胞(RAW264.7)进行干预,探讨其对耐多药结核分支杆菌感染巨噬细胞自噬的作用及其机制。方法:低温冷冻干燥法制备月华胶囊,大鼠按3.02 g·kg^-1灌胃给药7 d,制备月华胶囊含药血清。体外培养RAW264.7,耐多药结核分子杆菌。以细胞增殖毒性检测试剂盒(CCK-8)检测含药血清对RAW264.7的增殖能力并选定其有效浓度。细胞分为模型组(10%胎牛血清);月华胶囊含药血清组(10%月华胶囊);自噬抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-MA)+月华胶囊含药血清组(5 mg·L^-1的3-MA+10%月华胶囊含药血清);雷帕霉素(Rap)组(200 mg·L^-1的Rap+10%胎牛血清);正常组(10%胎牛血清)。除正常组外,各组细胞培养24 h后,按细胞-细菌1∶10感染4 h。透射电镜观察细胞自噬体的出现和形成;蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测细胞中I型微管相关蛋白轻链3(LC-3Ⅰ),Ⅱ型微管相关蛋白轻链3/I型微管相关蛋白1轻链3(LC-3Ⅱ/LC-3Ⅰ),Beclin-1蛋白的表达;间接免疫荧光染色法观察细胞中LC3B荧光颗粒、斑点及亮度;实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(Real-time PCR)检测细胞中LC3,Beclin-1 mRNA的表达。结果:与正常组比较,模型组细胞未见自噬体,细胞中LC-3Ⅱ,LC-3Ⅱ/LC-3Ⅰ,Beclin-1蛋白及LC3,Beclin-1 mRNA的相对表达量均无显著变化,细胞无荧光颗粒、斑点,无荧光亮度。与模型组比较,月华胶囊含药血清组及Rap组细胞,均可观察到自噬体的形成,细胞LC-3Ⅱ,LC-3Ⅱ/LC-3Ⅰ,Beclin-1蛋白及LC3,Beclin-1 mRNA的相对表达量值均明显升高(P<0.05),月华胶囊含药血清组细胞荧光颗粒和荧光斑点明显增多,Rap组细胞荧光颗粒和荧光斑点增多非常明显,荧光闪亮,可判定细胞荧光呈现为阳性;自噬抑制剂3-MA+月华胶囊含药血清组细胞未见自噬体,细胞中LC-3Ⅱ,LC-3Ⅱ/LC-3Ⅰ,Beclin-1蛋白及LC3,Beclin-1 mRNA的相对表达量值均无明显升高。结论:月华胶囊含药血清能使耐多药结核分支杆菌感染细胞产生自噬而发挥抗结核的免疫效应,其机制是通过调控自噬相关蛋白LC3,Beclin-1蛋白及其mRNA的表达水平,促使LC3-I趋向LC3-Ⅱ的转化加快而实现的。     

The Prevalence and the Characteristics of Tuberculosis Patients Undergoing Chronic Dialysis Treatment: Experience of a Dialysis Center in Southeast Turkey

Tuberculosis remains a significant health problem for patients receiving chronic dialysis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of tuberculosis among patients with end-stage renal failure (ESRF) undergoing chronic hemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Between 1999 and 2006, we diagnosed 21 active tuberculosis patients among a total of 674-dialysis patient in our dialysis center (582 patients on hemodialysis and 92 patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis program). Fourteen patients developed extrapulmonary tuberculosis (generally tuberculous lymphadenitis, n = 8) and seven patients developed pulmonary tuberculosis. All patients who developed tuberculosis after starting dialysis had low creatinine clearances and, in general, anemia and hypoalbuminemia. Three of patients greater than 40 years died. In conclusion, tuberculous lymphadenitis was the most frequent form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in our dialysis population. If no cause is found despite extensive investigations in an end stage renal failure case with fever, loss of weight, and/or atypical lymphadenopathy, the physician should consider the possibility of tuberculosis. Finally, it was considered that ESRF is associated with depressed immune system and elevated risk of tuberculosis; thus, in this population, clinicians must evaluate patients carefully.     

结核分枝杆菌L型感染对结核病患者耐药状况的影响

目的分析深圳市罗湖辖区结核病患者分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis,MTB)及其L型(MTB-L)的耐药状况,探讨MTB-L感染对结核病患者耐药状况的影响。方法收集确诊的960例患者(初治916例,复治44例)痰液标本,对其中涂片染色阳性的468例标本进行培养,并对培养阳性的标本进行异烟肼、链霉素、利福平和乙胺丁醇等四种一线药物药敏试验,比较MTB和MTB-L耐药率的差异。结果 MTB-L和MTB对四种一线药物的单耐药率、多耐药率和耐多药率均不同;MTB-L初治始耐药率显著高于MTB初治始耐药率(46.7%vs 22.4%,P0.05);MTB-L复治耐药率略高于MTB复治耐药率,但差异无统计学意义(46.7%vs 33.3%,P0.05)。结论 MTB-L感染可能与结核病患者耐药状况改变和耐药率增高有关,加强MTB-L感染监测和耐药分析是当前结核病防控的重要策略之一。     

γ-干扰素体外释放试验在结核病诊断中的价值

目的探讨γ-干扰素(γ-IFN)体外释放试验(IGRA)对诊断结核病的临床价值。方法 479例结核病患者纳入结核病组,42例体检健康者纳入对照组。两组被试均行IGRA、蛋白芯片法检测,采用抗酸染色(AFB)检测结核病患者痰液中的抗酸杆菌。比较IGRA与蛋白芯片法对结核病的诊断效能及在肺结核与肺外结核中的检测效果,并比较IGRA对AFB阳性和阴性的肺结核和肺外结核患者的检测效果。结果IGRA和结核分枝杆菌蛋白芯片法敏感度分别为89.56%(429/479)和76.20%(365/479),特异度分别为100.00%(42/42)和88.10(37/42),准确率分别为90.40%(471/521)和77.16%(402/521)。418例肺结核患者中AFB阳性127例,AFB阴性者291例,其中AFB阳性肺结核患者中IGRA阳性率为93.70%(119/127),AFB阴性肺结核患者阳性率为88.66%(258/291);肺外结核61例患者AFB均阴性,IGRA和结核分枝杆菌蛋白芯片阳性率分别为85.25%(52/61)和68.85%(42/61)。结论 IGRA与结核分枝杆菌蛋白芯片法相比,对结核病诊断有较高的敏感度与特异度,尤其是对AFB阴性的结核病有较高的检出率,值得临床推广应用。     

Mycobacterium abscessus Complex – a Particular Challenge in the Setting of Lung Transplantation

Mycobacterium abscessus complex is an emerging pathogen in lung transplant candidates and recipients. M. abscessus complex is widespread in the environment and can cause pulmonary, skin and soft tissue, and disseminated infection, particularly in lung transplant recipients. It is innately resistant to many antibiotics making it difficult to treat. Herein we describe the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of M. abscessus with an emphasis on lung transplant candidates and recipients. We also outline the areas where data are lacking and the areas where further research is urgently needed.     

Endotracheal involvement from atypical mycobacterium causing respiratory difficulty: Case report and literature review

Atypical mycobacterium infections often present as cervicofacial lymphadenitis in pediatric patients. Endotracheal involvement, however, is rare, and has not been previously described with imaging and photographs.An infant with natural killer T-cell deficiency was admitted with cough, rhinorrhea, and cervical lymphadenopathy. Laryngotracheobronchitis-type symptoms persisted and imaging revealed an intraluminal abnormality of the trachea. Endoscopy confirmed a mediastinal lymph node with intrusion into the tracheal lumen. Intraluminal biopsy was deferred due to concerns of airway loss. Biopsy of the associated cervical lymph node confirmed Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection. The patient was managed with antibiotics and steroids with clinical resolution of his respiratory symptoms.     

台州地区非结核分枝杆菌流行趋势研究

目的 了解台州地区临床流行的非结核分枝杆菌的种类和感染趋势,为临床诊疗NTM肺病提供依据。方法 回顾性分析2015～2018年来源于台州市不同地区就诊和送检于恩泽医疗中心(集团)的1156株临床分离分枝杆菌菌株,采用基因芯片进行菌种鉴定。结果 1156例分枝杆菌分离出非结核分枝杆菌228例,其中胞内分枝杆菌125例,浅黄分枝杆菌45例,鸟分枝杆菌20例,龟/脓肿分枝杆菌11例,草分枝杆菌16例,不产色分枝杆菌4例,金色分枝杆菌2例,堪萨斯分枝杆菌2例,瘰疬分枝杆菌1例,戈登分枝杆菌1例,海/溃疡分枝杆菌1例。男141例,占61.84%,女87例,占38.16%。结论 台州地区非结核分枝杆菌感染有逐年上升的趋势,主要以胞内分枝杆菌为主,分离人群以男性居多。