Recent advances in lipid nanoparticles for delivery of nucleic acid,mRNA, and gene editing-based therapeutics

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are becoming popular as a means of delivering therapeutics, including those based on nucleic acids and mRNA. The mRNA-based coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines are perfect examples to highlight the role played by drug delivery systems in advancing human health. The fundamentals of LNPs for the delivery of nucleic acid- and mRNA-based therapeutics, are well established. Thus, future research on LNPs will focus on addressing the following: expanding the scope of drug delivery to different constituents of the human body, expanding the number of diseases that can be targeted, and studying the change in the pharmacokinetics of LNPs under physiological and pathological conditions. This review article provides an overview of recent advances aimed at expanding the application of LNPs, focusing on the pharmacokinetics and advantages of LNPs. In addition, analytical techniques, library construction and screening, rational design, active targeting, and applicability to gene editing therapy have also been discussed.     

二维码技术在我院PIVAS管理信息系统中的应用

目的:提高我院静脉药物配置中心(PIVAS)信息管理水平,并为PIVAS中的条形码设计与发展提供参考。方法:在我院原有的医院资源管理平台上,以二维码技术代替原来的一维码用于PIVAS的信息管理系统,并介绍其功能作用及应用效果。结果与结论:二维码技术可用于PIVAS信息管理系统中的输液标签生成、输液记费、输液出仓核对、输液数量统计等功能中,不但信息存储量大,而且运行稳定、操作简易,在提高PIVAS工作效率、减少人为因素导致的差错的同时,也为PIVAS今后的电子信息扩充提供了有力保障,值得推广。     

手机二维码在医疗设备信息管理中的应用探索

杭州市红十字会医院将手机二维码技术应用于医院医疗设备的验收、核查、巡检、维修、防伪、技术培训以及设备库房管理、个人名片识别等领域,取得了很好的实践效果;分析了手机二维码在医疗设备管理领域的应用前景和面临的问题。     

Electronic Inventory Systems and Barcode Technology: Impact on Pharmacy Technical Accuracy and Error Liability

Purpose:

To measure the effects associated with sequential implementation of electronic medication storage and inventory systems and product verification devices on pharmacy technical accuracy and rates of potential medication dispensing errors in an academic medical center.

Methods:

During four 28-day periods of observation, pharmacists recorded all technical errors identified at the final visual check of pharmaceuticals prior to dispensing. Technical filling errors involving deviations from order-specific selection of product, dosage form, strength, or quantity were documented when dispensing medications using (a) a conventional unit dose (UD) drug distribution system, (b) an electronic storage and inventory system utilizing automated dispensing cabinets (ADCs) within the pharmacy, (c) ADCs combined with barcode (BC) verification, and (d) ADCs and BC verification utilized with changes in product labeling and individualized personnel training in systems application.

Results:

Using a conventional UD system, the overall incidence of technical error was 0.157% (24/15,271). Following implementation of ADCs, the comparative overall incidence of technical error was 0.135% (10/7,379; P = .841). Following implementation of BC scanning, the comparative overall incidence of technical error was 0.137% (27/19,708; P = .729). Subsequent changes in product labeling and intensified staff training in the use of BC systems was associated with a decrease in the rate of technical error to 0.050% (13/26,200; P = .002).

Conclusions:

Pharmacy ADCs and BC systems provide complementary effects that improve technical accuracy and reduce the incidence of potential medication dispensing errors if this technology is used with comprehensive personnel training.     

市售乌梢蛇及其常见混淆品的鳞片微形态鉴别研究

目的：通过对乌梢蛇的头部及体部鳞片的微形态鉴别,将乌梢蛇与其常见的混淆品进行区分,为乌梢蛇药材和饮片的鉴别提供依据。方法：用基恩士数码成像显微镜对乌梢蛇及其混淆品的头部鳞片进行3D观察,采用景深合成技术与大图拼接技术相结合,拍摄高清特征图。用光学显微镜对体部鳞片的端窝、薄膜囊、乳头突以及纵直纹理进行观察,并通过成像系统拍摄其特征图。最后通过DNA条形码技术对以上结果进行验证,保证微形态鉴别的准确性和可靠性。结果：市场上乌梢蛇品种混乱,主要有以下几种伪品：滑鼠蛇、灰鼠蛇、Cerberus rynchops (Colubridae)、王锦蛇、黑眉锦蛇等,与之前报道的伪品有所不同。结论：通过微形态鉴别能够很好区分乌梢蛇及其混淆品药材和饮片,并且鉴别特征稳定不易发生变化。     

基于CDDP标记的重楼属种质资源鉴定及遗传多样性分析

目的研究重楼属植物遗传多样性,并为其种质资源的快速鉴定提供有效方法。方法采用CDDP分子标记方法对13份不同的重楼种质资源的遗传多样性进行分析,并按照CODE128条形码编码规则为重楼属植物进行编码。结果 11条引物共扩增了80个条带,其中多态性条带73个,多态性比率91.25%,等位基因数(Na)为1.912 5,有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.589 6,Nei’s遗传多样性指数(H)为0.342 3,Shannon信息指数(I)为0.507 0。UPGMA聚类分析表明,重楼属植物遗传多样性丰富。在CDDP分子标记的基础上依据CODE128条形码编码规则为重楼属植物构建了条形码分子身份证。结论重楼属资源遗传多样性丰富,CDDP分子标记可用于重楼属种质资源的鉴定及遗传多样性分析,且构建的条形码分子身份证检测灵敏、快捷,可用于相关科研工作和工业生产中重楼属植物的鉴定。     

峨眉山区唇形科药用植物ITS2和mat K条形码序列鉴定

目的 评价以ITS2和matK序列作为DNA条形码对峨眉山区唇形科药用植物的鉴定效果。方法 从峨眉山区采集23种唇形科药用植物样本,提取DNA,PCR扩增ITS2序列,并从Genbank上分别下载54与51条唇形科植物的ITS2及matK序列;使用MEGA 5.0软件计算全部序列的种间、种内遗传距离及序列变异位点,构建Neighbor Joining(NJ)系统进化树,最后开展barcoding gap分析。结果 峨眉山唇形科药用植物的ITS2序列长度为190～237 bp,GC含量为53%～73%,具有较为明显的barcoding gap,对唇形科植物的识别率为94%,而matK序列的barcoding gap不显著,有明显重叠现象,对唇形科植物的识别率为96%。结论 ITS2从种水平上对唇形科植物有更好的鉴定能力,但matK序列对唇形科植物的识别率更高,因此,以ITS2为主,matK序列为辅的鉴定方法能够对唇形科药用植物进行快速、准确的鉴定和识别,准确阐明物种之间的亲缘关系,对峨眉山区唇形科药用植物资源的有效保护和合理开发提供了理论依据。     

砂仁药材及其饮片的质量分析

目的：对国内市售砂仁质量进行评价分析,为药品监管和质量标准提高提供科学依据。方法：依据法定标准对样品进行全面检验;采用性状和DNA条形码相结合对样品进行真伪评价,以此结果进一步对正品和伪品的挥发油总量和乙酸龙脑酯含量进行相关性分析。结果：按照法定标准抽检的样品,不符合规定项目为性状、乙酸龙脑酯含量测定,以近缘物种冒充砂仁的情况较为突出。结论：国内市售砂仁质量有待提高,可通过质量标准提高,增加专属性较强且可量化评判的性状特征、DNA条形码鉴别等方法进行质量控制。     

Assessing product adulteration of Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat Ali) herbal medicinal product using DNA barcoding and HPLC analysis

Context: Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Simaroubaceae) commonly known as Tongkat Ali is one of the most important plants in Malaysia. The plant extracts (particularly roots) are widely used for the treatment of cough and fever besides having antimalarial, antidiabetic, anticancer and aphrodisiac activities.

Objectives: This study assesses the extent of adulteration of E. longifolia herbal medicinal products (HMPs) using DNA barcoding validated by HPLC analysis.

Materials and methods: Chloroplastic rbcL and nuclear ITS2 barcode regions were used in the present study. The sequences generated from E. longifolia HMPs were compared to sequences in the GenBank using MEGABLAST to verify their taxonomic identity. These results were verified by neighbor-joining tree analysis in which branches of unknown specimen are compared to the reference sequences established from this study and other retrieved from the GenBank. The HMPs were also analysed using HPLC analysis for the presence of eurycomanone bioactive marker.

Results: Identification using DNA barcoding revealed that 37% of the tested HMPs were authentic while 27% were adulterated with the ITS2 barcode region proven to be the ideal marker. The validation of the authenticity using HPLC analysis showed a situation in which a species which was identified as authentic was found not to contain the expected chemical compound.

Discussion and conclusions: DNA barcoding should be used as the first screening step for testing of HMPs raw materials. However, integration of DNA barcoding with HPLC analysis will help to provide detailed knowledge about the safety and efficacy of the HMPs.     

DNA条形码技术在人体排出未知昆虫幼虫鉴定中的应用

目的 使用DNA条形码鉴定方法对两名儿童从尿道排出的不明昆虫幼虫进行鉴定,解决未知昆虫幼虫无法利用传统形态学鉴定方法进行鉴定的难题,为主诊医生后期制定针对性治疗方案提供科学依据。方法 以家长收集并送检的患儿从尿道排出的不明活体昆虫幼虫为材料,先进行图像采集和形态学描述,然后取部分昆虫幼虫组织提取基因组DNA,利用多细胞无脊椎动物线粒体细胞色素氧化酶I（COI）的通用引物进行DNA扩增,PCR产物直接从两端测序,DNA测序结果以MEGA6软件验证图谱确定为有效序列后,经拼接、去除通用引物序列,最终得到658 bp 的COI基因片段碱基序列。上传数据与GenBank和BOLD数据库 中的序列进行同源性比对,建立系统发育树。结果 序列测定结果与GenBank和BOLD中公布的白斑蛾蚋（Clogmia albipunctata）的 COI序列相似性为100%。选取GenBank 中与目的片段核苷酸序列比较所得相似性较高的7种物种序列,以红头丽蝇为外群,构建NJ树,发现昆虫幼虫的序列以及GenBank中的白斑蛾蚋聚为一类,毛蠓科的全部物种聚成一支,置信度高达100%。结论 根据实验结果可以判断这两名儿童从尿道排出的不明昆虫活虫为白斑蛾蚋的幼虫。DNA条形码技术不仅可以快速准确识别物种种类,还能鉴定近缘种,发现隐存分类单元,是对非成虫发育形态昆虫的快速、准确的种类鉴定方法,可以有效弥补形态学鉴定方法的不足。