寒冷干燥地区平时火器伤的早期处理

目的　探讨寒冷干燥地区平时火器伤伤情特点与早期救治方法。方法　对 1991年 1月— 2 0 0 2年 12月间 40例火器伤病人的临床救治进行回顾分析。结果　 2 4例枪伤中 ,2 0例一期缝合伤口 ,均一期愈合 ,另外 4例只清创未一期缝合的伤口 ,3例愈合 ,1例感染 ;4例骨折内固定均愈合良好 ,无骨髓炎发生。 16例炸伤病人局部软组织损伤及污染比枪弹伤重 ,14例一期缝合伤口中 ,10例一期愈合 ,4例感染 ,骨折内固定 2例 ,均愈合良好 ,无骨髓炎发生。结论　寒冷干燥地区火器伤早期伤道清创时限可适当延长 ,在平时火器伤的救治中 ,对软组织条件较好的创面 ,早期清创后可一期闭合伤口和骨折内固定 ,这样可减少感染和伤残 ,促进康复     

高温高湿环境犬肢体火器伤细菌学定量观察

目的探讨高温高湿环境下火器伤弹道细菌定量变化及发生感染的时限,为这一特殊环境下火器伤软组织清创时 机、方法及抗生素的应用提供依据。方法将犬随机分为高温高湿（ＨＨＥ）组和常温常湿（ＮＥ）组,于火器伤后０、４、６、 ８、１２、２４ ｈ进行大体观察及细菌学定量变化的检测。结果伤肢肿胀、组织坏死和动物死亡时间,ＨＨＥ组均较ＮＥ组 严重和提前。细菌学定量检测ＨＨＥ组火器伤伤道细菌数在同一时间点比ＮＥ组高,随时间的延长呈显著增长趋势。 ＮＥ组１２ ｈ细菌数目可达引起感染的临界数值,而ＨＨＥ组８ ｈ时细菌数即达临界数值,较ＮＥ组明显提前。结论高 温高湿环境下火器伤后细菌繁殖快,感染时间提前且严重,强调及早、彻底的清创。     

犬下颌小口径枪弹贯通伤的伤情特点

目的 :了解小口径高速、高能制式枪弹伤的致伤特点。方法 :用国产 5 .80 mm制式枪弹致伤犬下颌 ,造成犬下颌硬、软组织复合贯通伤 ,用激光测速靶和高速 X线相机等测量弹道学数据 ,分析该模型的创伤弹道学特点 ;取伤后不同时间、伤道周围不同部位软组织进行组织病理观察 ,分析其伤情特点。结果 :5 .80 mm枪弹犬下颌贯通伤的创伤弹道学特点为撞击速度( 9 16 .18± 8.90 ) m/s,能量传递率 ( 8.5 9± 3.12 ) % ,致伤参数稳定 ,入口小 ,出口大 ,有瞬时空腔。伤情特点为 :局部伤情较复杂 ,损伤组织种类较多 ,包括皮肤、皮下、肌肉、血管、神经、骨组织等 ,特别是包含有下颌骨、面神经、三叉神经、牙齿、咀嚼肌等颌面部特有的组织器官 ;伤后 2～ 6 h组织病理变化主要表现为炎性渗出水肿 ,伤后 2 4～ 72 h以组织变性、坏死为主 ,72 h组织坏死范围大约为 0 .4～ 0 .8cm;伤后 7d组织病理变化以炎性或纤维组织增生为主。结论 :5 .80 mm枪弹犬下颌贯通伤模型的致伤参数稳定 ,致伤力中等 ,局部伤情较复杂 ,是具有良好代表性的颌面火器伤动物模型 ,在颌面枪弹创伤弹道学研究和战伤救治研究方面有广阔的应用前景。     

Penetrating gunshots to the head and lack of immediate incapacitation II. Review of case reports

Because of the enhanced intracranial tissue disruption (see companion paper) and the functional significance of the central nervous system, penetrating gunshot wounds of the head commonly result in immediate incapacitation. However, in the last century numerous publications reported sustained capability to act following penetrating gunshot wounds of the head. These are reviewed. A large number of case reports had to be excluded from re-examination because of doubtful capability to act or lack of morphological documentation. There remained 53 case reports from 42 sources for systematic analysis. Favourable conditions for sustained capability to act are present in cases where the additional wounding resulting from the special wound ballistic qualities of the head (see companion paper) are minimized. Thus, more than 70% of the guns used fired slow and lightweight bullets: 6.35 mm Browning, .22 rimfire or extremely ineffective projectiles (ancient, inappropriate or selfmade). A centrefire rifle or a shotgun from close range were never employed in cases involving intracerebral tracts. A coincidence of several lucky circumstances made sustained capability to act possible in two cases of military centrefire rifle bullets passing longitudinally between the frontal lobes without direct contact with brain tissue. Only two large handguns resulting in intracerebral wounding were used: one firing a .38 special bullet, which solely wounded the base of the right temporal lobe and one firing a .45 lead bullet, which seriously injured the left frontal lobe but whose trajectory was limited to the anterior fossa of the skull.Of the trajectories, 28% were outside the neurocranium. At least 70% of the craniocerebral tracts passed above the anterior fossa of the skull, wounding the frontal parts of the brain. Apart from a neurophysiological approach, this preference can be explained by the fact that the base of the anterior cranial fossa and the sella turcica area serve as a bony barrier protecting the parts of the brain located in its shadow relative to the trajectory against cavitational tissue displacement and associated overpressures. This is particularly true of the brain stem. Intracerebral trajectories not located above the anterior fossa were caused by slow and lightweight bullets preferring one temporal lobe. Additionally, one parietal and one occipital lobe were each injured once by a very ineffective projectile and by a 7.65-mm bullet reduced in velocity. Not a single case of injury to the brain stem, the diencephalon, the cerebellum or major paths of motor conduction and only one grazing shot of the anterior parts of the nucleus caudatus (basal ganglia) were described. Morphological signs of high intracranial pressure peaks (cortical contusion zones, indirect skull fractures, perivascular haemorrhages) and secondary missiles were poorly documented. It is suggested that these findings are at least very rare and not obvious in cases of sustained capability to act.     

Shot by a Gun … Missed by a Provider

Background

Botulism is a paralytic disease caused by the neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum. The majority of cases are due to ingestion or injection drug use. Wound botulism from traumatic injury is exceedingly rare, with only one to two cases reported each year in the United States.

Initial management and long‐term follow up after the rehabilitation of a patient with severe dentoalveolar trauma: A case report

Dental trauma is common and for patients who suffer significant oral injuries, rehabilitation can be challenging to the clinical team. This case report describes the successful prosthetic replacement of multiple missing teeth lost due to severe dentoalveolar trauma, using iliac crest bone grafting, an implant‐retained removable dental prosthesis and implant‐supported crowns. Good functionality and aesthetic outcome were achieved.     

Pathogenesis and outcomes of traumatic injuries of the esophagus

Traumatic injury of the esophagus is extremely uncommon. The aims of this study were to use the Pennsylvania Trauma Outcome Study (PTOS) database to identify clinical factors predictive of esophageal trauma, and to report the morbidity and mortality of this injury. A cross‐sectional review of patients presenting to 20 Level I trauma centers in Pennsylvania from 2004 to 2010 was performed. We compared clinical and demographic variables between patients with and without esophageal trauma both prior to and after arrival in the emergency room (ER). Primary mechanism of injury and clinical outcomes were analyzed. There were 231 694 patients and 327 (0.14%) had esophageal trauma. Patients with esophageal trauma were considerably younger than those without this injury. The risk of esophageal trauma was markedly increased in males (odds ratio [OR] = 2.62 [CI 1.98–3.47]). The risk was also increased in African Americans (OR = 4.61 [CI 3.65–5.82]). Most cases were from penetrating gunshot and stab wounds. Only 34 (10.4%) of esophageal trauma patients underwent an upper endoscopy; diagnosis was usually made by CT, surgery, or autopsy. Esophageal trauma patients were more likely to require surgery (35.8% vs. 12.5%; P < 0.001). Patients with esophageal trauma had a substantially higher mortality than those without the injury (20.5% vs. 1.4%; P < 0.005). In logistic regression modeling, traumatic injury of the esophagus (OR = 3.43 [2.50–4.71]) and male gender (OR = 1.52 [1.46–1.59]) were independently associated with mortality. For those patients with esophageal trauma, there was an association between trauma severity and mortality (OR = 1.10 [1.07–1.12]) but not for undergoing surgery within the first 24 hours of hospitalization (OR = 0.84; 0.39–1.83). Our study on traumatic injury of the esophagus is in concordance with previous studies demonstrating that this injury is rare but carries considerable morbidity (～46%) and mortality (～20%). The injury has a higher morbidity and mortality when the thoracic esophagus is involved compared to the cervical esophagus alone. The injury most commonly occurs in younger, Black males suffering gunshot wounds. Efforts to control gun violence in Pennsylvania are of paramount importance.     

Computational simulation of projectile injuries to human parietal bone using finite element analysis

The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphological and biomechanical characteristics of a wound entrance on the parietal bone from the impact of projectiles presenting three different calibres. Three-dimensional finite element models of dry human skull and of three projectiles with calibres .380 Auto, .40 S&W and 9 × 19 mm Luger were obtained. These geometries were used to perform a simulation of projectile impact on the parietal bone by the finite element method. We calculated the morphological aspect of the wounds on the external bone surface, the equivalent von Mises stress and the kinetic energy loss. The wounds from the 9 × 19 mm and .380 calibres presented a circular aspect, while the wound from the .40 calibre presented an oval aspect. The 9 × 19 mm caused a major wound area compared with the other calibres. The maximum von Mises stress in the bone was higher from the .40 calibre penetration, and the .380 had the major kinetic energy loss. In conclusion, the 9 × 19 mm and .380 presented similarity in the shape of the entrance hole. The projectile with 9 × 19 mm calibre seems to have greater penetration power and the .40 S&W projectile greater power of destruction and dissipation of energy.     

高海拔地区颅脑火器伤的评估与护理对策

目的探讨高海拔地区颅脑火器伤的评估与护理，为临床工作提供依据。方法对18例颅脑火器伤患者进行回顾性分析，根据患者的伤情和手术，给予相应的评估和护理对策。结果通过对患者意识、瞳孔、肢动、颅内压、生命体征、尿量及颜色、胃液pH、血气分析及创面的动态评估，能及时发现患者的病情变化和继发性损害。结论适宜的血压维持和颅压控制，有效的呼吸道管理，各种感染的预防控制及早期的营养、心理支持和功能康复等综合护理，能降低患者伤残率，提高生活质量。     

Surgical and Prosthodontic Treatment of a Patient with Significant Trauma to the Middle and Lower Face Secondary to a Gunshot Wound: A Clinical Report

Large defects of dentofacial structures may result from trauma, disease (including neoplasms), and congenital anomalies. The location and size of the defects are related to difficulties that patients report relative to speech, mastication, swallowing, facial esthetics, and self-image. This article reports on the evaluation and treatment of a patient who suffered significant trauma to the lower and mid-face secondary to a gunshot injury. It describes the initial presentation, life-saving procedures, and subsequent bone grafts, implant placement, and prosthetic treatments required to rehabilitate the patient to a condition that closely approximated his preoperative condition. This clinical report confirms that no matter the degree of complexity involved in treating the results of significant facial trauma, successful treatment is dependent on thorough physical and radiographic examinations, development of the appropriate diagnoses, and treatment based on sound prosthodontic and surgical principles.