Cathodic protection requirements for high strength steel in sea water assessed by potentiostatic weight loss measurements

Abstract

A potentiostatic weight loss technique has been used to compare the corrosion rates of Weldox 700 high strength low alloy steel exposed to both natural and sterile sea water at potentials ranging from the free corrosion condition to - 1000 mV (SCE). Anodic polarisation curves with Tafel constants of 54 and 64 mV per decade were fitted to the data and the minimum levels of protection required to limit the corrosion rate to 0·001 mm per year were found to be - 770 and - 790 mV (SCE) in natural and sterile sea water, respectively. Lower corrosion rates occurred in filtered natural sea water than in sterile sea water but the highest rates were recorded on specimens ex posed to a seabed sediment. The reasons for this behaviour are discussed in terms of the biofilms and the numbers of sulphate reducing bacteria present on the surfaces.     

The combined effect of roughness and heterogeneity on contact angles: the case of polymer coating for stone protection

The individual effects of heterogeneity and roughness on contact angles have been repeatedly analysed in the literature, but the application of the accepted models to practical situations is often not correctly performed. In the present paper the combined effects of roughness and heterogeneity on the contact angles of water on stone surfaces protected by a hydrophobic polymer coating are considered. Two different kinds of calcareous stone with different surface roughnesses and porosities were protected against the effect of water absorption by two different polymer coatings. The contact angles of water on the protected stone surfaces were measured by the Wilhelmy and the sessile drop techniques. A comparison of the results obtained shows not only the limits of the static sessile drop technique, but also the combined effect of roughness and heterogeneity. Some considerations are developed on the application of commonly accepted models to surfaces with a combination of roughness and heterogeneity. Some other results obtained with techniques such as roughness measurements, mercury porosimetry, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), water absorption by capillarity experiments (WAC), all able to show the structure and properties of the obtained films, are also compared with those obtained from contact angle measurements. It is concluded that the static contact angle is not well correlated with the degree of protection; on the contrary, the receding contact angles are well correlated with the degree of protection actually obtained. An ideal protecting agent should have a receding contact angle greater than 90°.     

The Production of Narrow Slit Images by a Scanning Technique

Transparent slits 5 cms. long, approximately 5μ wide and straight to within l line width were required. Lenses having the requisite resolving power do not have the necessary covering power. This paper describes a scanning microphotographic technique for greatly extending the length of line covered whilst retaining the edge delineation characteristics of microscope objectives. The design and construction of the apparatus is described, problems involved are discussed, and results shown.     

A study of zinc phosphate coatings on 12·5Cr–21·0Ni stainless steel

Abstract

12·5Cr–21·0Ni stainless steel was chemically treated with zinc phosphate in order to find the most suitable phosphate solution and its operating parameters. The phosphate coatings were tested for their corrosion protection of stainless steel using three methods: the salt spray test, the humidity cabinet test and the brine immersion test. The phosphate coatings were also mechanically tested using a tensile test for determining their mechanical properties. Results clearly show that phosphate coatings with a uniform appearance and full coverage can give high corrosion protection to 12·5Cr–21·0Ni stainless steel by forming a physical barrier against the corrosive environment. The 12·5Cr–21·0Ni stainless steel after coating with zinc phosphate still retains reliable mechanical properties, thereby providing valuable applications in the engineering field.     

X-Ray Diffraction Study of Oxide Scales Formed at High Temperatures on AISI 304 Stainless Steel After Cerium Deposition

High-resolution X-ray diffraction has been usedto characterize the structure of oxide scales grownduring oxidation at 1173 K of cerium-modified stainlesssteels. The oxide scales consist of a mixture of Fe₂O₃ andCr₂O₃, as well as spinels. Severaloxidation treatments prior to cerium deposition havebeen applied. New phases, which are cerium-related,appear, depending on the preoxidation treatment. Bycomparing these results with previous ones onlanthanum-modified AISI 304 stainless steel, somepossible explanations for the reactive-element effectare proposed.     

Influence of tin addition on corrosion resistance of aluminium ion platings

Abstract

Aluminium ion platings are galvanically compatible with the aluminium alloys used in the aircraft industry and prevent galvanic attack when in contact with them. However, these platings fail to provide the good lubricity which the traditional, but toxic, cadmium platings are known to provide. Adding tin to aluminium ion platings can improve their frictional characteristics. In this work, electrochemical polarisation and metallurgical studies have been used to examine the influence qf introducing 5%Sn into aluminium ion platings on their corrosion resistance. Results have shown an increase in the corrosion tendency as indicated by a shift of the corrosion potential in the active direction and an increase in the corrosion current density which can be related to a galvanic action between two different phases of aluminium rich columnar grains. Domes observed within these grains can easily be removed during early stages of corrosion leaving cavities in the platings, thus providing another possibility of galvanic attack between the plating and substrate taking place.     

Practical judgment of exemption by applying isotope specific exemption levels for surface contamination

Abstract

In terms of applying the concept of exemption to safety standards for surface contamination, we have derived isotope specific exemption levels for surface contamination (Bq cm^–2) by developing an original dose assessment model for surface contamination to develop reasonable radiation protection systems that reflect the radiological properties of nuclides and avoid excessive regulatory procedures. These exemption levels can be applied to the radiation, waste and transport safety fields by assuming a universal scenario and by applying radiation protection systems consistent with the current International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Basic Safety Standards, safety series no. 115 and safety guide RS-G-1·7. In the case of materials containing a mixture of nuclides, the exemption can generally be judged on the basis of whether the condition ΣD/C<1 is satisfied (where D represents an actual measurement result and C represents the exemption level), and the estimation of the surface contamination density of key nuclides such as ⁶⁰Co, which are easily measured and dominant nuclide components, can be practically applied to the judgment of exemption. In this study, the contribution of nuclides to the summation defined in terms of relative importance was assessed using the exemption levels for surface contamination derived in previous Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI) studies and the technical data of nuclide composition ratios contributing to contamination assumed to occur in Japanese nuclear power plants. Important nuclides, whose relative importance was >0·1, were extracted following the 10% summation rule described by the European Commission in its document Radiation Protection 134. It was found that ⁶⁰Co was the only important nuclide in most of the cases and other nuclides can be ignored according to the reasonable exemption levels for surface contamination derived in CRIEPI's previous study, where the α emitter was the most important nuclide in the case of estimating fuel damage by applying the exemption levels for surface contamination derived from the dose conversion factors given in IAEA TECDOC-1449. It is expected that the resulting reasonable exemption levels for surface contamination will be applied practically to future regulation and that consistent radiation protection systems will then be realised throughout the radiation, waste and transport safety fields.     

线路装耦合地线后耐雷水平计算与过电压分析

鉴于在导线下方架设耦合地线 (CGW )既可增加地线对导线的耦合程度 ,降低绝缘子串上的电压 ,又可对雷电流起分流作用 ,提高输电线路的耐雷水平 ,介绍了装设CGW后输电线路耐雷水平计算的方法 ;并结合实际线路 ,利用EMTP软件对线路雷电过电压进行电磁暂态仿真。计算结果表明CGW可有效提高线路耐雷水平     

The Effect of Detection and Restoration Times for Error Recovery in Communication Networks

Detection and restoration times are oftenignored when modeling network reliability. In thispaper, we develop Markov Regenerative Reward Models(MRRM) to capture the effects of detection andrestoration phases of network recovery. States of the MRRMrepresent conditions of network resources, while statetransitions represent occurrences of failure, repair,detection, and restoration. Reward rates, assigned to states of the MRRM are computed based on aperformance model that accounts for contention. Wecompare our model with ones that ignore these parametersand show significant differences, in particular for transient measures.