Utilization of coordinating green solvents for high quality methylammonium bismuth iodide thin films for photovoltaic applications

Photovoltaic performances of the bismuth-based solar cells are profoundly affected by the thin film quality of the photoactive layer. Herein, we report on various green solvent system to obtain the highly crystalline, pinhole free and homogeneously methylammonium bismuth iodide (MBI) active layer. The MBI structure prepared with tetrahydrofuran:2-ethoxy-ethanol (THF-2ETO) solvent system was found to have the best film quality. Adding 0.05 M 2ETO as the co-solvent is sufficient to produce high quality BiI₃ and MBI thin films. According to the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyzes, we have demonstrated that there is an interaction between BiI₃ and 2ETO according to the concentration of 2ETO added to the main THF. Our study clarifies the importance of THF-2ETO solvent system that can accelerate the evolution of the Bi-based solar cells by creating high-quality BiI₃ or MBI thin films.     

Stabilization of natural gas foams using different surfactants at high pressure and high temperature conditions

Natural gas foam can be used for mobility control and channel blocking during natural gas injection for enhanced oil recovery, in which stable foams need to be used at high reservoir temperature, high pressure and high water salinity conditions in field applications. In this study, the performance of methane (CH₄) foams stabilized by different types of surfactants was tested using a high pressure and high temperature foam meter for surfactant screening and selection, including anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate), non-anionic surfactant (alkyl polyglycoside), zwitterionic surfactant (dodecyl dimethyl betaine) and cationic surfactant (dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride), and the results show that CH₄-SDS foam has much better performance than that of the other three surfactants. The influences of gas types (CH₄, N₂, and CO₂), surfactant concentration, temperature (up to 110°C), pressure (up to 12.0 MPa), and the presence of polymers as foam stabilizer on foam performance was also evaluated using SDS surfactant. The experimental results show that the stability of CH₄ foam is better than that of CO₂ foam, while N₂ foam is the most stable, and CO₂ foam has the largest foam volume, which can be attributed to the strong interactions between CO₂ molecules with H₂O. The foaming ability and foam stability increase with the increase of the SDS concentration up to 1.0 wt% (0.035 mol/L), but a further increase of the surfactant concentration has a negative effect. The high temperature can greatly reduce the stability of CH₄-SDS foam, while the foaming ability and foam stability can be significantly enhanced at high pressure. The addition of a small amount of polyacrylamide as a foam stabilizer can significantly increase the viscosity of the bulk solution and improve the foam stability, and the higher the molecular weight of the polymer, the higher viscosity of the foam liquid film, the better foam performance.     

基于可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术的甲烷气体监测研究

设计了一种基于可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术的甲烷(CH4)气体监测装置,该装置具有温度监测范围大、监测精度高和实时监测的优点。监测装置的激光光源为波长1650 nm的反馈式激光器,应用波长调谐与锁相放大器技术,对周围环境进行温度补偿与背景扣除,可以较准确地测量周围环境中CH4的体积分数。实验表明,当CH4体积分数小于1%时,该装置的监测精度为±0.02%;当CH4体积分数大于1%时,装置监测误差小于±0.8%,实时监测的最长响应时间为10 s。装置的温度范围为0~40℃,可满足大多数工业生产中对CH4等气体体积分数的监测需求。     

煤与天然气气流床共气化制合成气试验研究

为提高煤、天然气资源综合利用效率,优化合成气成分,进行了煤与天然气气流床共气化技术研究。介绍了煤与天然气气流床共气化的试验装置及工艺流程,考察了气化温度、压力、水煤浆浓度、CH4与煤比对共气化反应的影响。结果表明,气化温度和CH4与煤比是共气化反应的主要影响因素,较高的气化温度对共气化反应有利,气化温度为1 350℃时,共气化指标较好,有效气体积分数大于90%;随着CH4与煤比的增大,合成气n(H2)/n(CO)增高。CH4与煤比为0.9 m3/kg时,合成气中n(H2)/n(CO)约1.2。根据后续合成工艺要求,通过调节气化温度和CH4与煤比,可获得n(H2)/n(CO)在0.8~2.0的合成气。     

Synthesis of Ti(C,O, N) from ilmenite at low temperature by a novel reducing and carbonitriding approach

The clean and effective utilization of titanium-bearing minerals has challenged the titanium industry all over the world. In order to realize the high-efficiency, clean, and high value-added comprehensive utilization of ilmenite concentrate, a novel process has been proposed in this study by reducing and carbonitriding ilmenite with the CH₄-N₂-H₂ gas mixture at low temperature. Carbonitride performance and mechanism have been investigated experimentally and theoretically. The obtained results showed that the reaction process could be divided into three stages: formation of metallic iron, reduction of titanium oxide to titanium suboxides, and formation of Ti(C, O, N). The metallic iron congregated at the first two stages, but dispersed once the Ti(C, O, N) formed. The effects of both reaction temperature and preoxidation treatment on the reaction have been studied as well. It was found that the increase of temperature was conducive to the formation of Ti(C,O), and the ilmenite could be reduced completely to Ti(C,O) at 1170°C for 8 hours. The preoxidation treatment could improve the kinetics of reduction. At 1170°C, the introduction of N₂ could apparently increase the reduction rate, with the complete reduction time decreasing from 8 hours in CH₄-H₂ gas mixture to 3 hours in CH₄-N₂-H₂ gas mixture. The proposed novel process has been assessed and it showed many potential advantages and feasibility.     

Separation of Methane and Carbon Dioxide Gas Mixtures Using Activated Carbon Modified with 2‐Methylimidazole

Activated carbon was modified by loading 2‐methylimidazole (mIm), ethanol, and glycol onto its surface and adopted to capture CO₂ using the absorption‐adsorption method. The modified activated carbon showed high selectivity for separating CH₄+CO₂ gas mixtures, compared with other methods to modify activated carbon given in the literature. The separation factor was 4.75 times higher than that for the fresh activated‐carbon system, and the separation performance of the activated carbon increased with increasing amount of mIm. The addition of glycol showed greater potential to enhance the selectivity of the activated carbon than ethanol. A recycling test verified the stability of the modified activated carbon for CH₄+CO₂ gas mixture separation.     

全量程甲烷测量仪

介绍了设计矿用全量程甲烷测量仪的原理及硬件，软件组成，该仪器测量甲烷浓度范围为０－１００％。由于采用了新型单片机ＰＩＣ１６Ｃ５７和使用Ｉ＾２ＣＢＵＳ等串行Ｉ／Ｏ技术，使整机硬件结构得到简化。软件对热导元件非线性进行校正，提高了测量精度。     

Effect of cation exchange capacity of soil on stabilized soil strength

While a certain correlation between the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil and the strength of the cement stabilized soil has been reported, the mechanism remains unclear. In this research, a set of soil samples with different CECs were stabilized with different proportions of cement and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂, CH). The influence of soil CEC on the strength of the stabilized soil was investigated by analyzing the CH saturation in the pore solution and measuring the strength of the stabilized soil specimens. It is revealed that cation exchange in the soil can reduce the CH saturation of the stabilized soil. If the CEC of the soil is too high, the CH in the pore solution of the stabilized soil cannot reach the saturation level, and further cation exchange would then consume the Ca²⁺ ions which should be originally used to generate calcium silicate hydrate, thus result in the poor strength of the stabilized soil.     

水合三氯乙醛前体物的分子量分布和荧光特性

运用超滤分离技术将水合三氯乙醛前体物含量最高的夏季水样中溶解性有机物分为四个部分,采用三维激发发射矩阵荧光光谱对不同分子量有机物组分进行表征,并对20种氨基酸、牛血清白蛋白等模式化合物进行氯化试验,以找出水合三氯乙醛的主要前体物成分。结果表明MW＜1 kDa的水合三氯乙醛生成势含量最高,为24．81μg/L,其次为10 kDa＜MW＜0．45μm （17．49μg/L）、3 kDa＜MW＜10 kDa （8．16μg/L）和1 kDa＜MW＜3 kDa （5．50μg/L）,其中MW＜1 kDa和10 kDa＜MW＜0．45μm两部分有机物占水合三氯乙醛前体物含量的75．55％。三维激发发射矩阵荧光光谱结果表明水合三氯乙醛的主要前体物可能为类芳香性蛋白质和类微生物代谢产物等物质而非类富里酸和类腐殖酸。丙氨酸、天冬酰胺、天冬氨酸、半胱氨酸、组氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、酪氨酸、牛血清白蛋白、鲱鱼精DNA等模式化合物是水合三氯乙醛主要前体物,其水合三氯乙醛生成量均大于30μg/mg C。     

膨胀管技术在西北油田TH10233CH井的应用

侧钻是降低油气开采成本的有效途径之一。西北油田受井眼尺寸、避水要求、不稳定泥岩、复杂压力体系等原因的影响,侧钻难度极大。为解决这一难题,在TH10233CH井采用膨胀管技术进行了实际应用。采用φ139.7mm膨胀管封固上部不稳定地层,膨胀管膨胀前内径124.2mm,膨胀后内径可达134.5mm,采用φ130mm钻头钻进,顺利完钻。膨胀管钻井技术在TH10233CH井的成功应用对西北油田侧钻井钻进具有重大指导意义。