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1.
《Current Opinion in Solid State & Materials Science》2015,19(3):190-199
The last decade has witnessed fast developments and substantial achievements that have been shaping the field of stretchable electronics. Due to a persistent need of equally stretchable power sources, especially for some emerging bio-integrated applications enabled by this unusual class of electronics, stretchable energy storage systems have been attracting increasing attentions in the past few years. This article reviews the mechanics of stretchable batteries and supercapacitors that are enabled by novel structural designs of hard and soft components, involving four representative strategies (i.e., wavy, wrinkled design, origami design, serpentine bridge-island design, and fractal inspired bridge-island design). The key mechanics of each strategy is summarized, with focuses on the design concepts, unique mechanical behaviors, and analytical/computational models that guide the design optimization. Finally, some perspectives are provided on the remaining challenges and opportunities for future research. 相似文献
2.
In the present work, we report the formation of residual oxide layer during chemical–mechanical-planarization (CMP) process in the carbon nanotube (CNT) via interconnects and some feasible solutions for its removal. Residual oxide layer makes electrically poor contact between CNTs and metal resulting in high contact resistance in CNT via interconnects. We adopt post-CMP processes such as hydrofluoric acid (HF) or Ar plasma treatment to remove the residual oxide layer. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to confirm the chemical state of samples before and after the post-CMP process. Silicon and oxygen peaks from silicon-based oxide layer observed after the CMP process were disappeared and reduced in its intensity by the post-CMP process, respectively. Furthermore, via resistance decreased more than 1 order of magnitude after the post-CMP process. It is found that the post-CMP process provides good electrical contact between CNTs and metal by removing the residual oxide layer. 相似文献
3.
《Ceramics International》2022,48(7):9550-9557
To improve the high-temperature oxidation resistance and electrical conductivity of ferritic stainless steels, protective Ce-doped NiMn2O4 spinel coatings were fabricated on the surface of SUS430 steel by electrophoretic deposition (EPD). The phase structure and microstructure of Ce-doped NiMn2O4 in both powder and coating forms were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The high-temperature oxidation of the NiMn2O4 spinel coating before and after Ce doping in the air at 800 °C for 168 h was studied by weight gain experiments. The area-specific resistance (ASR) of coatings was measured by a standard four-probe method. It was found that the Ce-doped NiMn2O4 spinel powder displayed a stable structure, high crystallinity, fine grain size, and decreased agglomeration when the Ce content was fixed at 0.05 mol?L?1. The oxidation kinetics of NiMn2O4-coated SUS430 steel before and after Ce doping obeyed a parabolic law with parabolic rate constants of 4.58 × 10?15 g2 cm?4 s?1 and 1.83 × 10?15 g2 cm?4 s?1, respectively. When oxidized at 800 °C for 50 h, the ASR value of the coated samples before and after Ce doping stabilized at about 15.2 mΩ?cm2 and 14.5 mΩ?cm2, respectively. This work demonstrated that the Ce-doped NiMn2O4 spinel coating improved the high-temperature oxidation resistance and the electrical conductivity of metal interconnects. 相似文献
4.
The performance of high density chips operating in the GHz range is mostly affected by on-chip interconnects. The interconnect delay depends on many factors, a few of them are inputs toggling patterns, line & coupling parasitics, input rise/fall time and source/load characteristics. The transition time of the input is of prime importance in high speed circuits. This paper addresses the FDTD based analysis of transition time effects on functional and dynamic crosstalk. The analysis is carried out for equal and unequal transition times of coupled inputs. The analysis of the effects of unequal rise time is equally important because practically, it is quite common to have mismatching in the rise time of the signals transmitting through different length wires. To demonstrate the effects, two distributed RLC lines coupled inductively and capacitively are taken into consideration. The FDTD technique is used because it gives accurate results and carries time domain analysis of coupled lines. The number of lumps in SPICE simulations is considered the same as those of spatial segments. To validate the FDTD computed results, SPICE simulations are run and results are compared. A good agreement of the computed results has been observed with respect to SPICE simulated results. An average error of less than 3.2% is observed in the computation of the performance parameters using the proposed method. 相似文献
5.
The local voltage fluctuations in the supply and ground grids triggered by on-die logic cell switching in VLSI devices have been experimentally studied. The results show that these fluctuations have a resonant-like form i.e., the on-die power grid should be described as an RLC circuit. The studies reveal that the active element (i.e., CMOS logic cell) affects the frequency properties of power supply and ground grids during its switching (as opposed to before or after switching). It is demonstrated that the frequency properties of the both grids are inter-related via the interconnecting active elements. 相似文献
6.
为了在进行高速电路的分析时能够发挥FDTD与SPICE各自的优势,提出一种将FDTD与SPICE相结合的协同仿真方法.该方法的特点是用FDTD来计算互连部分,而接在互连网络终端的元器件通过SPICE来计算,二者在元件与互连线相连接的端口上进行计算数据的通信.介绍了FDTD-SPICE方法的基本原理和计算流程,并以比较器电路为例详细讨论FDTD-SPICE协同仿真分析的方法的全过程. 相似文献
7.
M. W. Roberson P. A. Deane S. Bonafede A. Huffman S. Nangalia 《Journal of Electronic Materials》2000,29(10):1274-1277
Soft-errors caused by lead in solder-bumping have been a concern for many years. The problem is of special concern for high-density
interconnection applications requiring solder to be placed directly over active circuitry. In that situation, alpha particles
emitted by radioactive lead cause soft-errors with no possibility of shielding circuitry. For optimal cost-effectiveness,
though, not all solder bumped wafers require low-alpha lead. MCNC has developed a solder bumping facility with both a research
branch at MCNC and a full-scale production facility at its spin-off, Unitive Electronics Inc. We present results here of our
work in incorporating low-alpha lead as part of our solder bumping process. We describe the amount of cross-contamination
measured when alternating plating baths of regular lead and low-alpha lead. 相似文献
8.
Barrier layers for Cu ULSI metallization 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Yosi Shacham-Diamand 《Journal of Electronic Materials》2001,30(4):336-344
Barrier layers are integral parts of many metal interconnect systems. In this paper we review the current status of barrier
layers for copper metallization for ultra-large-scale-integration (ULSI) technology for integrated circuits (ICs) manufacturing.
The role of barrier layers is reviewed and the criteria that determine the process window, i.e. the optimum barrier thickness
and the deposition processes, for their manufacturing are discussed. Various deposition methods are presented: physical vapor
deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), electrochemical deposition (ECD), electroless deposition (ELD), and atomic
layer CVD (ALCVD) for barrier layers implementation. The barrier integration methods and the interaction between the barrier
and the copper metallization are presented and discussed. Finally, the common inspection and metrology for barrier layer are
critically reviewed. 相似文献
9.
10.
Jae-Young Cho Hyo-Jong Lee Hyoungbae Kim Jerzy A. Szpunar 《Journal of Electronic Materials》2005,34(5):506-514
Influence of annealing on the textural and microstructural transformation of Cu interconnects having various line widths is
investigated. Two types of annealing steps have been considered here: room temperature over 6 months and 200°C for 10 min.
The texture was determined by x-ray diffraction (XRD) of various cross-sectional profiles after electropolishing, and the
surface, microstructure, and grain boundary character distribution (GBCD) of Cu interconnects were characterized using electron
backscattered diffraction (EBSD) techniques. In order to analyze a relationship between the stress distribution and textural
evolution in the samples, microstresses were calculated with decreasing line widths at 200°C using finite element modeling
(FEM). In this investigation, it was found that the inhomogeneity of stress distribution in Cu interconnects is an important
factor, which is necessary for understanding textural transformation after annealing. A new interpretation of textural evolution
in damascene interconnects lines after annealing is suggested, based on the state of stress and the growth mechanisms of Cu
electrodeposits. 相似文献