Magnetocaloric and magneto-transport properties of Gd10Co20Si70 alloy

We report the results of magnetic, thermodynamic, transport and magnetocaloric effect (MCE) studies of newly synthesized Gd_(10)Co_(20)Si_(70) alloy. These measurements confirm an antiferromagnetic transition at T_N=9 K. Both MCE and magnetoresistance (MR) show quadratic dependence on the applied magnetic field, indicating the presence of spin fluctuations in the alloy. The maximum values of the magnetic entropy change determined from the isothermal magnetization data for magnetic field change of 7 and9 T are found to be 10.5 and 15.6 J/kg·K, respectively. As a consequence of the spin fluctuations effect, the MCE peaks are pulled towards high temperature side as asymmetrically broadened peak. The MR attains a large positive value of 73%at 2 K in 8 T. The large MR and reversible MCE make this alloy an attractive multifunctional magnetic material.     

Estimation and disturbance rejection performance for fractional order fuzzy systems

This paper gives attention to the issues of output tracking and disturbance rejection performance for a class of fractional order Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy systems in the presence of time-varying delay and unknown external disturbances. More specifically, a new configuration of a fractional order modified repetitive controller that incorporates an improved equivalent-input-disturbance estimator and gain fluctuations in its design is proposed to perform disturbance rejection for the addressed system. By introducing a continuous frequency distributed equivalent model and using the Lyapunov–Krasovskii stability theory, a new set of sufficient conditions ensuring robust asymptotic stability of the resulting closed-loop system is obtained in the framework of linear matrix inequalities. Finally, a numerical example is presented to validate the developed theoretical results, where it is shown that the obtained conditions could force the considered system output to exactly track the given any kind of reference signal by compensating the unknown external disturbance.     

Modeling space‐time correlations of velocity fluctuations in wind farms

An analytical model for the streamwise velocity space‐time correlations in turbulent flows is derived and applied to the special case of velocity fluctuations in large wind farms. The model is based on the Kraichnan‐Tennekes random sweeping hypothesis, capturing the decorrelation in time while including a mean wind velocity in the streamwise direction. In the resulting model, the streamwise velocity space‐time correlation is expressed as a convolution of the pure space correlation with an analytical temporal decorrelation kernel. Hence, the spatiotemporal structure of velocity fluctuations in wind farms can be derived from the spatial correlations only. We then explore the applicability of the model to predict spatiotemporal correlations in turbulent flows in wind farms. Comparisons of the model with data from a large eddy simulation of flow in a large, spatially periodic wind farm are performed, where needed model parameters such as spatial and temporal integral scales and spatial correlations are determined from the large eddy simulation. Good agreement is obtained between the model and large eddy simulation data showing that spatial data may be used to model the full spatiotemporal structure of fluctuations in wind farms.     

数字液压缸联合仿真与试验研究

以航天器转运平台使用的数字液压缸为研究对象,根据其结构特点和内部闭环控制原理,利用三维建模软件和ADAMS软件建立其多体动力学模型,利用AMESim软件建立其液压模型,并通过软件接口将液压模型集成到ADAMS环境中,从而实现了联合仿真。利用仿真模型,重点研究了数字液压缸的定位精度,并通过试验验证了模型的准确性。根据仿真及试验提出了通过调整输入脉冲量提高精度的方法,可以满足转运平台工作时的精度要求。同时还通过仿真发现,供油压力波动会导致活塞杆运行时的抖动,增大定位误差。     

Multiple insights call for revision of modern thermodynamic models to account for structural fluctuations in water

Modern thermodynamic models incorporate the concept of association (hydrogen bonding) and they can describe very satisfactorily many properties of water containing mixtures. They have not been successful in representing water's anomalous properties and this work provides a possible explanation. We have analyzed and interpreted recent experimental data, molecular simulation results, and two-state theory approaches and compared against the predictions from thermodynamic models. We show that the dominance of the tetrahedral structure implemented in modern thermodynamic models may be the reason for their failure for describing water systems. While this study does not prove the two-state theories for water, it indicates that a high level of tetrahedral structure of water is not in agreement with water's anomalous properties when used in thermodynamic models.     

基于线性最优的MMC子模块电容电压均衡控制策略

为进一步优化模块化多电平换流器(MMC)子模块控制策略,尤其是能够兼顾子模块电容电压波动、桥臂环流二次谐波含量、子模块绝缘栅双极型晶体管(IGBT)投切次数和算法计算量四方面的性能,提出一种基于线性最优解的MMC子模块电容电压均衡控制策略。首先,阐述了子模块电容电压波动和子模块IGBT投切次数之间的相悖性,通过理论分析证明子模块电容电压波动与桥臂环流二次谐波含量之间也存在非线性关系,需寻找适当算法使其三者同时达到最优情况。然后,针对此目标,对传统算法进行优化,增加附加调节子模块功能,并结合子模块电容电压均衡控制策略,详细阐述了所述算法的控制流程及其优越性。最后,通过动模试验对传统控制策略、子模块电容电压均衡控制策略、所提控制策略及其他采用不同数量的附加调节子模块的控制策略进行对比。试验数据表明,所提策略可以在子模块电压波动、桥臂环流中的二次谐波含量和子模块IGBT投切次数三方面达到线性最优。     

Coordinated Control of Wind Farms and MTDC Grids for System Frequency Support

This paper proposes a coordinated control strategy to provide system frequency support for separated main grids from offshore wind farms (WFs) that are integrated through multi-terminal DC (MTDC) system. The control strategy consists of two control loops including the MTDC frequency regulation loop (FRL) and the automatic WF power regulation loop (AWFPRL). In events of AC main grid disturbances, the former can re-dispatch MTDC grid power flow to support system frequency, while the latter can adjust wind power output accordingly through the variable frequency control of WF-connected converters. Inertia energy stored in wind turbines can be utilized to stabilize system frequency via MTDC grids. Moreover, wind power fluctuations can also be smoothed by the proposed control. An expression of frequency response coefficient is calculated, which is used to quantify the contribution of frequency support from offshore WF-connected MTDC system. Case studies have been conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy using a four-terminal DC grid.     

Simulating the variability of dispersed large PV plants

A model to simulate the fluctuations generated by a fleet of dispersed photovoltaic (PV) plants solely based on irradiance data measured at one single location is proposed. This simple model has been satisfactorily tested to quantify the power variability of a generic PV fleet, simply by defining two parameters: mean PV plant size and the number of plants in the PV fleet. Specifically, the model provides series of simulated power outputs that may be used in the grid operator simulation programmes, reproducing critical parameters, such as daily maximum fluctuation or the reserves required to offset these fluctuations. The model is created and validated against experimental 1‐s data collected throughout 2013 at six PV plants in Spain dispersed over 1100 km², totaling 17 MWp. Likewise, the model has been succesfully tested against another irradiance dataset, four sites across the state of Colorado, USA, and spread over 2400 km². Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于遗传算法—模糊径向基神经网络的光伏发电功率预测模型

针对光伏发电系统出力波动问题,提出遗传算法(GA)—模糊径向基(RBF)神经网络的光伏发电功率预测模型,将功率预测值应用于光伏发电的蓄电池储能功率调节系统,以降低对电网的冲击。选择与待预测日天气类型相同、日期相近、温度欧氏距离最小的历史日作为相似日,把与光伏发电功率相关性大的太阳辐射强度和温度作为模型输入变量,提出K均值聚类和遗传算法的参数优化方法,建立基于GA—模糊RBF神经网络的最终预测模型。在光伏功率预测的基础上,提出一种平滑控制策略,对光伏并网功率进行有效调节,从而达到平滑光伏功率波动的目的。实例证明,所述预测模型具有较高精度,并验证了平滑功率波动控制策略的有效性。