Failure analysis on reflector blackening between lead frame electrodes in LEDs under WHTOL test

Blackening induced lumen decay in a QFN LED after WHTOL reliability test was reported and analyzed in this paper. A new LED blackening failure mechanism was proposed based on solid experimental results. We concluded that the failure process underwent delamination between lead frame and reflector polymer composites followed by chemical penetration, composite corrosion, silver migration, and finally caused blackening failure. Delamination and corrosive de-flash agent were the key factors for the failure mode. Besides, we also estimated the influence of the failure to the optical performance through simulation. Apart from other reported factors, this study highlighted that both composite corrosion and Ag migration could generate serious illumination decrease as well. The outcome of this study is valuable for LED manufacture and quality control in the future.     

Gas-cooled reactor thermal hydraulic analyses with MELCOR

Pursuant to the Energy Policy Act of 2005, the High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (HTGR) has been selected as the reference design for the Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP). Stemming from a U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) HTGR research initiative, a need was identified for validation of systems-level computer code modeling capabilities in anticipation of the eventual need to perform licensing analyses. Because the NRC has used MELCOR for light water reactors (LWR) in the past and because MELCOR was recently updated to include gas-cooled reactor (GCR) physics models, MELCOR is among the system codes of interest to the NRC. This paper describes MELCOR modeling of the General Atomics' Modular High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (MHTGR). The MHGTR is a suitable design for demonstration of MELCOR GCR modeling competency for two reasons: 1) the MHTGR is a predecessor to the more advanced General Atomics’ Gas-Turbine Modular High Temperature Reactor (GTMHR), and 2) experimental data useful for benchmark calculations may soon become available. Using the most complete literature references available for the MHTGR design, researchers at Texas A&M University (TAMU) constructed a MELCOR input deck for the MHTGR to partially validate MELCOR GCR modeling capabilities. Normal and off-normal system operating conditions were modeled with appropriate boundary and initial conditions. MELCOR predictions of system response were obtained for steady-state, pressurized conduction cool-down (PCC), and depressurized conduction cool-down (DCC) scenarios. Code results were checked against nominal MHTGR design parameters, physical intuition, and anticipated GCR thermal hydraulic response. No inherent deficiencies in MELCOR modeling capability were observed, suggesting that the newly-implemented GCR models are adequate for systems-level analysis. If and when experimental benchmark data becomes available, further validation activities may proceed given the modeling efforts discussed herein.     

An experimental study of the shielding characteristics of the dwelling house building materials against gamma radiations in the Central Region of Syria

The shielding properties of the concrete and blocks used for the construction of dwelling houses in the Central Region of Syria (CRS) were measured and studied. The concrete used for the ceiling construction was found to have optimum shielding properties with 0.182 cm⁻¹ (or equivalently 0.0859 cm² g⁻¹) for the linear (mass) attenuation coefficient [L(M)AC]. In addition gamma radiation is attenuated by 73.221% on average, while the blocks used for the walls have smaller LACs (0.082 cm⁻¹ for the bare blocks, and 0.118 cm⁻¹ for the coated ones). Although the LACs for the blocks are smaller than those for the concrete their shielding properties are good to protect from the gamma radiations coming from radioactive or nuclear accidents (78.630% attenuation), even Chernobyl – like disasters, because of their big width (10–12 cm). The LACs were measured by an ionization chamber and simple theoretical calculations have been made to predict the concrete LACs. The calculations showed an average LAC for the six samples equal to 0.1664 cm⁻¹ with 8.47% error with respect to the experimental values.     

High‐Performance Dual‐Circularly Polarized Reflector Antenna Feed

This paper presents a high‐performance dual‐circularly polarized feed employing a dielectric‐filled circular waveguide. Novel features are incorporated in the proposed feed, such as a dielectric rod radiator for high gain and good impedance matching; dual quarter‐wave chokes for low axial ratio over wide angles and for low back radiation; an integrated septum polarizer; and two end‐launch‐type coaxial‐to‐waveguide transitions. The proposed feed shows excellent performance at 5.0 GHz to 5.2 GHz.     

影响超声波热量表流量测量单元静态时间差因素的探讨

超声波热量表主要包含流量测量单元和温度测量单元两部分,其中流量测量单元主要由传感器管道、反射片保持架、换能器等零部件组成。流量测量单元的静态时间差很大程度决定了热量表整体性能。我们通过大量的标定实验来验证各个要素对测量单元静态时间差的影响。     

Fast-response storage-type solar cooker

All the solar powered cookers presently available in the world market are of the so-called “Reflector Box” type. Despite the fact that they have been presented, for a good few years, to the market and are very simple and low cost they have not managed to establish any meaningful and noticeable presence in a viable commercial sense. This fact is even more in evidence in those markets they are primarily designed for. The reasons to the lack of commercial success for the reflector box type cookers are analysed in some details. The assessment of general features and performance of the reflector box type cooker led to the design of the Fast Response Storage Type Cooker presented in this paper.The new cooker is the result of combination of non-tracking compound parabolic reflector, fast response heat pipes, high-quality and low-cost thermal insulator, low-loss thermal storage battery, glass to metal seals, vacuum technology and bimetal automatic switches. It is capable of storing the solar energy during the day to facilitate cooking during the evenings and nights. A prototype is made and the performance of the elements of the system are presented. It shows how the “waste-energy” of the cooker can be used for other applications.     

Current status of accident analysis for Korean HCCR TBS

Korea has decided to test Helium Cooled Ceramic Reflector (HCCR) Test Blanket Module (TBM) in ITER and design of the TBM with its ancillary systems, i.e. Test Blanket System (TBS), is under progress. Since the TBM is operated at elevated temperature with high heat load, safety consideration is essential in design procedure. In this paper, preliminary accident analysis results for the current HCCR TBS design on selected scenarios are presented as an important part of safety assessments. To simulate transient thermo-hydraulic behavior, GAMMA-FR code which has been developed in Korea for fusion applications was used. The main cooling and tritium extraction circuit systems, as well as the TBM, were simulated and the main components in the TBS were modeled as the associated heat structures. The important accident scenarios were produced and summarized in the paper considering the HCCR TBS design and ITER conditions, which cover in-vessel Loss Of Coolant Accident (LOCA), in-box LOCA, ex-vessel LOCA, Loss Of Flow Accident (LOFA), Loss Of Heat Sink Accident (LOHSA) and purge pipe rupture case. The accident analysis based on the selected scenarios was performed and it was found that the current design of the HCCR TBS meets the thermo-hydraulic safety requirements.     

多波束抛物面天线设计的若干问题

本文介绍了抛物反射面的聚焦特性,指出除了主轴点状聚焦以外,尚存在偏轴非点状聚焦,还讨论了抛物反射面的多波束天线有关设计中的几个问题,最后介绍了典型的多波束抛物反射面天线。     

半导体/超晶格分布布拉格反射镜(DBR)的分子束外延生长

用分子束外延技术 (MBE)生长了以 Ga As/Al As超晶格替代 Alx Ga1 - x As所形成的 P型半导体 /超晶格分布布拉格反射镜 (DBR) .此分布布拉格反射镜的反射谱中心波长为 85 0 nm.由实验表明 ,19个周期的反射镜获得了高达 99%以上的高反射率 .与此同时 ,采取自行设计的二次钨丝掩膜质子注入法制成 15 μm× 15 μm的正方形电流注入区 ,以此测定 P型反射镜的串联电阻 ,克服了湿化学腐蚀法中腐蚀深度不易控制及侧面同时被腐蚀的缺点 ,实验得出此 P型反射镜的串联电阻仅为 5 0 Ω 左右 .在生长过程中 ,发现在只含一个铝源的分子束外延生长系统中 ,生长这种半     

Design strategy and development of spherical silicon solar cell with semi-concentration reflector system

Structural and economical merits of a spherical silicon solar cell with semi-concentration reflector system have been discussed. The roles of the reflector system have been clarified; the reflector improves short-circuit current density and also open-circuit voltage by 4–6 times concentration to make a light irradiation area comparable to a p–n junction area. We have theoretically demonstrated that the spherical Si solar cell with semi-concentration reflector system can realize a performance comparable to that of conventional Si solar cells, with less amount of silicon material use.