Shape optimization of the cone body for the improved performance of the V-cone flowmeter: A numerical study

The present study has been carried out to optimize the shape of the cone body by providing a curved surface (the radius of curvature (R)) at the base of the cone element for improving the performance of the V-cone flowmeter using CFD. Radii of curvature of 20 mm (hemispherical, R/d = 0.5), 22 mm (R/d = 0.55) 25 mm (R/d = 0.625) and 27.62 mm (R/d = 0.6905) are taken in order to gradually reduce the arc length keeping the chord length constant. In addition a semi-elliptical based cone with 20 mm semi-major axis and10 mm semi-minor axis has also been investigated in the present study. The centre of the spheres and ellipse lie on the axis either in the frustum or cylindrical part of the cone. The equivalent diameter ratio (β) has been taken as 0.6 while three different fore-vertex angles (φ) namely 60°, 75° and 90° have been investigated. The Reynolds number has been varied in the range of 1 × 10³ to 1 × 10⁶. The results have been compared with the slant surface based cone. It is seen that introduction of a curved surface at the cone base has profound effect on the coefficient of discharge of the V-cone flowmeter. The coefficient of discharge is dependent on Reynolds number for the flowmeter with hemispherical and semi-elliptical based cone element. The coefficient of discharge is seen to be a weak function of Reynolds number for Re = 4000 and beyond for the other three curvatures. The cone flowmeter with a curved base cone of R/d equals to 0.55 has higher coefficient of discharge and smaller standard deviation compared to a device with an aft vertex cone.     

Lidar-based mapping of leaf area index and its use for validating GLOBCARBON satellite LAI product in a temperate forest of the southern USA

Lidar provides enhanced abilities to remotely map leaf area index (LAI) with improved accuracies. We aim to further explore the capability of discrete-return lidar for estimating LAI over a pine-dominated forest in East Texas, with a secondary goal to compare the lidar-derived LAI map and the GLOBCARBON moderate-resolution satellite LAI product. Specific problems we addressed include (1) evaluating the effects of analysts and algorithms on in-situ LAI estimates from hemispherical photographs (hemiphoto), (2) examining the effectiveness of various lidar metrics, including laser penetration, canopy height and foliage density metrics, to predict LAI, (3) assessing the utility of integrating Quickbird multispectral imagery with lidar for improving the LAI estimate accuracy, and (4) developing a scheme to co-register the lidar and satellite LAI maps and evaluating the consistency between them. Results show that the use of different analysts or algorithms in analyzing hemiphotos caused an average uncertainty of 0.35 in in-situ LAI, and that several laser penetration metrics in logarithm models were more effective than other lidar metrics, with the best one explaining 84% of the variation in the in-situ LAI (RMSE = 0.29 LAI). The selection of plot size and height threshold in calculating laser penetration metrics greatly affected the effectiveness of these metrics. The combined use of NDVI and lidar metrics did not significantly improve estimation over the use of lidar alone. We also found that mis-registration could induce a large artificial discrepancy into the pixelwise comparison between the coarse-resolution satellite and fine-resolution lidar-derived LAI maps. By compensating for a systematic sub-pixel shift error, the correlation between two maps increased from 0.08 to 0.85 for pines (n = 24 pixels). However, the absolute differences between the two LAI maps still remained large due to the inaccuracy in accounting for clumping effects. Overall, our findings imply that lidar offers a superior tool for mapping LAI at local to regional scales as compared to optical remote sensing, accuracies of lidar-estimate LAI are affected not only by the choice of models but also by the absolute accuracy of in-situ reference LAI used for model calibration, and lidar-derived LAI maps can serve as reliable references for validating moderate-resolution satellite LAI products over large areas.     

全空域电扫共形天线阵设计

探讨了全空域电扫共形天线阵的系统组成,分析了电扫天线阵的设计方式,计算了电扫天线阵的辐射特性。 通过计算表明,该全空域电扫天线阵能有效覆盖方位面00~3600 和俯仰面00~900,可广泛应用于全球宽带电信、导航、 多目标测控、遥感、以及空间监视等领域。     

添加物对铝碳耐火材料防氧化涂料抗氧化性能的影响

以SiO2-A l2O3-B2O3-Na2O-K2O-CaO系釉料为基料,分别添加质量分数为10%、30%、50%、70%的氧化物(粒度均<0.076 mm的石英和刚玉粉)和非氧化物(粒度均<0.076 mm的碳化硅和硅粉),以水玻璃为结合剂配制涂料,首先研究了涂料半球温度的变化,然后将涂料涂覆在铝碳材料样块的表面,考察其抗氧化性能(以铝碳样块在200~1 300℃氧化后的质量损失率表征),并采用SEM观察了涂层结构。结果表明:加入氧化物SiO2、A l2O3以及非氧化物SiC、Si,均使涂料的半球温度升高;A l2O3和SiC的加入能增强涂料的防氧化作用,而SiO2、Si的加入使涂料的防氧化作用降低。     

船舶用隔热反射涂料体系的研究

主要论述了船舶用隔热反射涂料体系的设计方案、制备工艺、隔热反射机理及降温效果等。试验结果表明,由725-H06-21、725-H67-09、725-BS67-23组成的船舶用隔热反射涂料体系运用在舰船船壳及上层建筑等的外表面,将能起到明显的降温节能效果。     

Development of synthetic hemispheric projections suitable for assessing the sky view factor on vertical planes

The solar radiation balance in buildings has a significant impact on their energy needs, as well as on their potential BIPV energy production. It also influences the potentials of daylight, its healthiness and sustainability. Solar radiation models for urban environments require the characterization of the obstruction degree to which each point is subjected due to other buildings, topography, vegetation, etc. This characterization is carried out with the parameter known as sky view factor (SVF). In this paper, we deepen and extend the study of SVF on vertical surfaces that have a high level of obstruction. This paper aims to present a general mathematical method to obtain projection equations in vertical planes, which allow the study of SVF as a surface ratio. It is also proposed an adequate projection for vertical planes under the hypothesis of angular distribution of diffuse radiance based on Moon-Spencer’s model.     

MASS TRANSFER IN AC ELECTROLYSIS: EXTENSION OF A FILM MODEL TO TURBULENT FLOW ON A ROTATING HEMISPHERE

Turbulent mass transfer to a rotating hemisphere during AC electrolysis was examined with a film model. The analytical results for the limiting AC current density were compared to the experimental data obtained with sinusoidal, square and triangular wave AC. The limiting AC current density in turbulent flow was found to depend on both the Reynolds number as a dimensionless AC frequency K = (ω/Ω)Sc^1/3 The prediction by the film model agreed with the experimental data to within ±15%. For a given root-mean-square of applied AC, the periodic concentration overpotential decreased in the order of quare, sinusoidal, and triangular AC. The phase shift between the applied AC and the concentration overpotential wave decreased with increasing Reynolds number in turbulent flow.     

STUDY ON A NOVEL ELLIPSOIDAL HELICAL ANTENNA

A novel ellipsoidal helical antenna is proposed and studied in this letter. As a special instance, the hemispherical helical antennas are analyzed firstly, which indicates that the characteristics of a two-arm unit are better than that of a single-arm unit. Based on this, the ellipsoidal helical antenna, formed by changing the axial direction＇s dimension of the two-arm hemispherical helical antenna, is analyzed by the moment method with curved basic and testing function. The effects to VSWR （Voltage Standing Wave Ratio）, gain, polarization and patterns by the axial direction＇s dimensions are investigated. The study results provide dependable gist to the choice of antenna format according to the practical requirements.     

Modelling and mapping potential hooded warbler (Wilsonia citrina) habitat using remotely sensed imagery

Modelling and mapping of hooded warbler (Wilsonia citrina) nesting habitat in forests of southern Ontario were conducted using Ikonos and Landsat data. The study began with an analysis of skyward hemispherical photography to determine canopy characteristics associated with nest sites. It showed that nest sites had significantly less overhead canopy cover and larger maximum gap size than in non-nest areas. These findings led to the hypothesis that brightness variability in high to moderate resolution remotely sensed imagery may be greater at nest sites than in non-nest areas due to larger shadows and greater shadow variability related to these gap characteristics. This was confirmed when, in addition to some spectral band brightness variables, several image texture and spectrally unmixed fraction (shadow, bare soil) variables were found to be significantly different for nest and non-nest sites in Ikonos and Landsat imagery. These significantly different variables were used in maximum likelihood classification (MLC) and logistic regression (LR) to produce maps of potential nesting habitat. Mapping was conducted with Ikonos and Landsat in a local area where most known nest sites occur, and regionally using Landsat data for almost all of the hooded warbler range in southern Ontario. For the local area mapping using Ikonos data, a posteriori probabilities for both the MLC and LR methods showed that about 62% of the nest sites set aside for validation had been classified with high probability (p > 0.70) in the nest class. MLC mapping accuracy was 70% for the validation nest sites and 87% of validation nest sites were within 10 m of classified nesting habitat, a distance approximately equivalent to expected positional error in the data. LR accuracy was slightly lower. Nest site MLC mapping accuracy in the local area using Landsat data was 87% but the map was much coarser due to the larger pixel size. Regional mapping with Landsat imagery produced lower classification accuracy due to high errors of commission for the habitat class. This resulted from a poor spatial distribution and low number of observations of nest sites throughout the region compared to the local area, while the non-nest site data distribution was too narrow, having been defined and assessed (using standard accepted methods) as areas with no ground shrubs. If either of these problems can be ameliorated, regional mapping accuracy may improve.