Phosphorus Inputs to Lake Simcoe from 1990 to 2003: Declines in Tributary Loads and Observations on Lake Water Quality

Total phosphorus (TP) inputs to Lake Simcoe have led to hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen (DO) depletion and loss of cold water fish habitat. Since 1990, efforts have been made to reduce the total TP input to the lake below a defined target of 75 t/year, which was predicted to lead to reductions in spring TP concentration and improvements in end-of-summer hypolimnetic DO concentrations. The total TP load to the lake during the most recent period of record (1998/99-2003/04) ranged from 53 to 76 t/yr and averaged 67 t/yr, compared to an average of 114 t/yr estimated between 1990/91 and 1997/98 (range 85-157 t/yr). Reductions in TP loads from the catchment via tributary discharge (∼26 t) accounted for the majority of the decrease in total load between the two time periods. Total P concentrations decreased significantly in four out of six long-term monitored tributaries; however, concentrations in all six tributaries remain above the level recommended to avoid nuisance plant growth (30 μg/L). Although TP loads to the lake are currently below the target 75 t/yr, excessive growths of filamentous algae and macrophytes continue to be a problem in the nearshore zone. End-of-summer minimum hypolimnetic DO concentrations (average 4.3 mg/L, 1998/99-2003/04) remain substantially below the level (7 mg/L) that is considered protective of lake trout. Efforts to reduce TP loads to the lake therefore need to continue.     

浅谈水库总磷监测的质量控制

质量控制是监测分析全过程中质量保证的一个重要环节,为此,通过对大王滩水库总磷监测质量控制的实验资料进行分析总结,对较为理想的质量控制方法进行探讨。     

温排水对湖泊、水库富营养化影响的数值模拟

本文针对大型火、核电厂温排水对湖泊、水库富营养化影响预测的迫切需要,建立了一套以改型分步杂交法为计算手段,对二维守恒型浅水环流方程及能量方程求解,在正确模拟流场及温度场的基础之上,继续求解单步一级生态动力学模型,并用单因素分析法考虑水温对藻类生长过程影响的计算模式．并结合一大型火电厂的建设,对该模式进行了验证和实际工作应用．     

Fertilizers and eutrophication in southwestern Australia: Setting the scene

An excess of plant nutrients has caused serious eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems of southwestern Australia manifested by excessive growth and accumulation of green and bluegreen algae. Phosphorus is generally the limiting nutrient for algal growth and phosphatic fertilizers applied to nutrient-deficient, leaching, sandy soils are the main source of P, supplemented by rural industry point sources. Nitrogen is the limiting nutrient in marine embayments with little drainage from the land. Measures to reduce the load of P delivered to drainage include basing fertilizer application rates on soil testing for P and the use of less soluble P fertilizers. Catchment management plans are being implemented with community involvement to reduce P loads and maintain agricultural production. This introductory paper reviews the history of eutrophication in southwestern Australia and of studies into its causes, principally in the large Peel-Harvey estuary. It briefly summarises other papers in this special issue concerned with different aspects of the problem: how to fertilize the land without causing eutrophication.     

Bauxite residue (red mud) increases phosphorus retention in sandy soil catchments in Western Australia

The Peel-Harvey estuary on the Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia has become eutrophic partly because of the leaching of fertiliser phosphorus from sandy soils. The acid, coarse textured sandy soils are predominantly quartz, have a low iron and aluminium content and do not retain phosphorus. Red mud, derived from bauxite, is a by-product of the alumina industry and has the ability to retain phosphorus. Retention of phosphorus is enhanced when the red mud is neutralised with gypsum. Red mud has been suggested as a soil amendment to reduce phosphorus leaching.To investigate the reduction in the leaching of phosphorus from soils amended with red mud, weirs were constructed at the outlets from a pair of catchments to quantify the amount of phosphorus in the streamflow. Both catchments were deep grey Bassendean sand. One of the catchments was treated with 80 t/ha of red mud which had been neutralised with waste gypsum from the phosphate industry. The red mud was applied to the soil surface using conventional fertiliser spreading equipment. The other catchment was untreated.The red mud reduced phosphorus loss by 70% from 13.8 kg/ha on the untreated catchment, to 4.2 kg/ha on the treated catchment. Both catchments were treated with 20.4 kg/ha of phosphorus as superphosphate. The catchment treated with red mud also received a further 41.5 kg/ha of phosphorus from the phosphogypsum that was used to neutralise the red mud.Our results show that red mud reduces phosphorus leaching and is potentially a nutrient management option in sandy soils. Red mud has the potential to reduce the impact of agriculture on the estuarine environment and has implications for the continued expansion and intensification of agriculture in the Peel-Harvey catchment.     

磷 ,洗涤剂和富营养化的控制——欧洲和北美经验(英文)

富营养化引起一系列严重问题。早期在北部温暖岩地区的研究认为磷是导致富营养化的决定元素 ,控制磷含量是治理富营养化的最佳途径。废水中的磷大约有 2 5 %来自于洗涤剂所含的磷酸盐 ,因此一直存在要求改进洗涤剂配方的压力。然而要使环境产生显著改善光靠减少这部分磷的含量是远远不够的。目前 ,控制富营养化的手段仍主要依靠控制废水中的磷含量 ,但人们清楚 ,不同地区影响因素是各不相同的。在低洼地区 ,水中的磷主要来源于农业活动。而在另一些土壤肥沃的地区 ,氮化物相对于磷更缺乏 ,这是因为在湖盆边缘潮湿地区的脱氮作用 ,大量硝酸盐可能从土壤中淋溶出去 ,在这种环境下只能通过控制氮来加以改善。其他地区如浅湖 ,温带热带地区的湖泊 ,在富营养化问题上也都是氮比磷重要。在某些地区强调控制磷含量是正确的 ,但并不适用于所有地区。片面强调污水处理同样也不是包治百病的灵丹妙药。只改变洗涤剂的配方并不能显著地改善环境。这些观点反映了我们对富营养化问题虽己有所了解但还需要更加全面、系统地去看待     

浮游生物生物学评价在乐昌峡水质监测中的应用

浮游生物是水生食物链的基础,在水生生态系统中占有重要地位,许多浮游生物对环境变化反应很敏感,可作为水质的指示生物。该文以乐昌峡水利枢纽水库中浮游生物的香农—威纳多样性指数[1]和群落均匀度指数评价库区水体营养状况,该方法区别于常规水质监测模式,从另一个方面反映了水体水质,可为乐昌峡水环境保护工作提供依据,对提高枢纽水资源管理水平,保障枢纽的安全、高效运行具有重要意义。     

大沙河水库富营养化及蓝藻水华特点分析

依据近几年来大沙河水库水质监测和水生态调查的成果资料,通过对大沙河水库水质现状,富营养化程度和蓝藻水华特点的分析评价,总结了大沙河水库蓝藻水华呈现持续爆发,偶尔消退的特点。进一步评估了水华发生风险,分析了水库污染的原因,提出了保护和治理建议。     

New lake district in Europe: origin and hydrochemical characteristics

This article presents a new lake district in Southern Poland created as a result of human activity in the Upper Silesian region. The area has been named the Upper Silesian Anthropogenic Lake District. The lake density of the Lake District as delineated by the authors (with an area of 6766 km²) is 2.74%. It includes 4773 water bodies of various origins – reservoirs retained by dams, flooded mineral workings, water bodies formed in subsidence basins and hollows, levee ponds, residual water bodies following river regulation and other water bodies. These are located in urban‐industrial, rural‐agricultural or quasi‐natural areas. The hydrochemical diversity of water bodies is conditioned by their origin, location in the catchment and function. Studies have shown the widespread occurrence of eutrophication processes in limnic waters within the Lake District. The diverse origin and hydrochemical properties of water bodies within the Upper Silesian Anthropogenic Lake District make it special among other anthropogenic lake districts.     

广州增城市增塘水库从水生生态良性循环趋向富营养化原因分析

广州增城市石滩镇增塘水库面积2＋53km^2。为浅水型水库,自1958～2003年水草丛生,透明度150cm以上,为水生态良性循环示范水库,但2004年,改投入草鱼（鲩）,至2010年水草几乎被吃光,氮磷元素迅增而使藻类、浮游动物丰长,变成了趋向富营养化的水库。建议停放草鱼,恢复水草群落方能稳定为水生生态良性循环的水库。