Optimization of the Scratch Test for specific coating designs

The proper design of wear resistant coatings applied to cutting tools comprises the optimization of the mechanical properties (Young's modulus, yield strength, adhesion, intrinsic stresses, fracture, fretting etc.) of the coating-tool system. The goal is to find material and structural solutions which keep the resulting stress-strain field under typical application conditions below the stability limits of the system. Based on nanoindentation measurements obtained from the coating-tool system which should be optimized, a scratch test is dimensioned with respect to load range and indenter geometry. The measured data from this “Physical Scratch Test” are used to simulate spatial stress profiles and to calculate the von Mises stress characteristics and the maximum normal stresses in the scratch direction. In a further step, the simulations are used to suggest scratch parameters for a “Fine Tuned Scratch Test” which increase the sensitivity of the test for specific depth regions in the coating-tool architecture and allow improved and more sensitive investigations of critical interfaces, transition layers and surface-near substrate regions. The tests were performed at PVD coated inserts (nitrides and oxides) and compared with the results obtained from cutting tests.     

A strategy for solving coupled functional equations

The designer, in order to guarantee the function of the product, firstly identifies the functional requirements and then establishes the relationships between each functional requirement and dimension. These relationships are known as functional equations. A body of literature proposing a number of strategies has been published for the solving of these independent functional equations but there has been less interest in the solving of coupled functional equations, which require an extra strategy to determine an optimum solution order. In this paper a strategy suitable for computer application and which can be used for generating an optimum solution order for a group of coupled functional equations is proposed. This should fill the need for a means of identifying this presently overlooked aspect of dimensioning and tolerancing and, while determining the solution of a group of coupled functional equations, take into account a number of factors such as the number of functional equations involved and the number of independent and coupled dimensions in each functional equation. This revised version was published online in October 2004 with a correction to the issue number.     

基于B－rep表示的机械零件工作图尺寸标注的智能化

基于实体造型和特征造型技术，对机械零件工作图尺寸标注智能化进行了系统的研究．建立了尺寸标注综合模型，论述了尺寸标注冗余性判断基本原理，将神经网络、特征识别和尺寸键技术相结合，确定零件的尺寸标注方案；采用了基于范例推理（ＣＢＲ）的方法完成了零件标注尺寸的自动市置，最后通过ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ输出零件工作图．     

Constraint-based beautification and dimensioning of 3D polyhedral models reconstructed from 2D sketches

3D models reconstructed from 2D sketches are inaccurate because of the inherent inaccuracies in the input and the reconstruction method. It is therefore necessary to “beautify” them before use in CAD systems. We present a method that detects geometric constraints, such as parallel and orthogonal faces, present in the reconstructed model and then selects a subset that constrains the object sufficiently and consistently. The subset selection algorithm first prioritizes the constraints depending on their type and then uses a novel method, based on quasi-Newton optimization, to detect and eliminate redundant and inconsistent constraints. The remaining constraints then define the dimensions of the model fully and consistently. Results from our implementation show that the method can beautify and dimension recovered 3D models correctly at acceptable speed.     

AutoCAD中尺寸标注功能增强的方法

本文介绍了给ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ绘图软件增加尺寸标注功能的方法。用Ａｕｔｏｌｉｓｐ语言开发的尺寸标注函数，使某些尺寸在标注上更加方便，更符合我国尺寸标注的习惯。     

On dimensioning optical grids and the impact of scheduling

When deploying Grid infrastructure, the problem of dimensioning arises: how many servers to provide, where to place them, and which network to install for interconnecting server sites and users generating Grid jobs? In contrast to classical optical network design problems, it is typical of optical Grids that the destination of traffic (jobs) is not known beforehand. This leads to so-called anycast routing of jobs. For network dimensioning, this implies the absence of a clearly defined (source, destination)-based traffic matrix, since only the origin of Grid jobs (and their data) is known, but not their destination. The latter depends not only on the state of Grid resources, including network, storage, and computational resources, but also the Grid scheduling algorithm used. We present a phased solution approach to dimension all these resources, and use it to evaluate various scheduling algorithms in two European network case studies. Results show that the Grid scheduling algorithm has a substantial impact on the required network capacity. This capacity can be minimized by appropriately choosing a (reasonably small) number of server site locations: an optimal balance can be found, in between the single server site case requiring a lot of network traffic to this single location, and an overly fragmented distribution of server capacity over too many sites without much statistical multiplexing opportunities, and hence a relatively large probability of not finding free servers at nearby sites.     

Berechnung einer Kombinierten Pfahl‐Plattengründung am Beispiel des Hochhauses “Skyper” in Frankfurt/Main

Am Bespiel des Hochhauses “Skyper” wurden durch den Unterausschuss “Kombinierte Pfahl‐Platten‐ und Pfahlgruppengründungen” des DIN verschiedene Berechnungsverfahren zur Berechnung einer Kombinierten Pfahl‐Plattengründung angewendet. Die Ergebnisse werden verglichen und diskutiert, wobei sich für den vorliegenden Fall herausstellte, dass sowohl numerische Verfahren als auch vereinfachte Verfahren, die auf der Halbraumtheorie basieren, akzeptable Ergebnisse liefern. Für eine Auswahl der geotechnischen Berechnungsverfahren wurden Federmodelle für die Abbildung der Reaktion der Baugrundoberfläche und der Pfähle abgeleitet und mit Ansatz dieser Federmodelle die Fundamentplatte bemessen. Auf dieser Grundlage gibt der Unterausschuss eine Empfehlung zur Anwendung von Berechnungsverfahren. Calculation of a piled raft foundation as a case study for the high rise building “Skyper” in Frankfurt/Main. Various calculation methods were applied on the piled raft foundation of the high rise building ”Skyper“. The results are compared and discussed. Numerical methods as well as simplified methods based on the elastic half space theory lead in the actual case to reasonable results. With the derived subgrade reaction modulus and pile stiffness the raft reinforcement was computed. A recommendation for the application of numerical and simplified methods is given.     

Design method for geotextile tubes considering strain - Formulation and verification by laboratory tests using photogrammetry

Geotextile tubes are usually made of at least one layer of high-strength woven geotextiles. However, if only highly elastic materials are used, experience shows -comprehensibly - that the designed geometry and stresses, derived from standard formulations or special computer software, both using small strain membrane theory, essentially differ from reality. Therefore, an extended formulation, considering large strains, was developed within the scope of a study on the structural and hydraulic design of geosynthetic dewatering tubes at the University of Rostock. The solution was evaluated using a sensitivity analysis and verified in laboratory experiments, where small-scale tubes were surveyed using a low-budget, high-precision photogrammetric measurement technique. The new design method proved to produce good results. It should be used if the construction is indeed a long tube and if the limit strain of the geotextile tubes exceeds 10% strain. Finally, the results were compared with the existing methods for the structural design of geosynthetic applications, adding to the discussion about attenuation factors in geotextile tube dewatering projects. For short-term applications without refilling of the partly dewatered tubes, the product of attenuation and safety factors will usually not exceed a value of two.     

A study on analyzing the problem of the spherical form error

Many methods to evaluate the form error of a sphere have been studied over the years. Most of these, such as the optimum methods, employed the approximate local solution to obtain the desired results. In this paper, three mathematical models are constructed to evaluate the solutions of the minimum circumscribed sphere, the maximum inscribed sphere, and the minimum zone sphere by directly resolving the simultaneous linear algebraic equations. Examples are given to verify that the model is admissible and reliable. These simple mathematical methods are verified to be useful for determining the exact solution.