烟气同时脱硫脱硝技术工艺及其特点

当前烟气脱硫脱硝技术分为许多种,从典型的烟气同时脱硫脱硝技术出发,总结了当前新兴技术,并且在我国烟气同时脱硫脱硝技术发展现状基础上对今后发展方向进行了展望。     

不同C/N下SBBR脱氮过程N2O释放及胞外多聚物变化

在(20±2.0)℃条件下，利用序批式生物膜反应器（sequencing batch biofilm reactor，SBBR），考察不同碳氮比（C/N=3.0、5.0、8.0和10.0）下同步脱氮（simultaneous nitrification and denitrification，SND）过程N₂O释放及胞外聚合物（extracellular polymeric substance，EPS）变化。C/N由3.0增至10.0，异养菌大量增殖，曝气阶段DO降低，系统硝化性能受到抑制，SBBR系统出水NH₄⁺由0.5 mg/L以下增至（7.85±1.42）mg/L，N₂O产量由（2.68±0.17）mg/L降至（1.02±0.12）mg/L。C/N=8.0，TN去除率最大为80.4%±3.5%。反应初期，微生物体内聚β-羟基烷酸酯（PHA）增加，可为后续反硝化过程提供电子供体。AOB好氧反硝化和低氧条件下异养菌反硝化过程均可导致N₂O产生。C/N降低，SBBR内部缺氧区域减少，N₂O还原过程减弱，释放量增加；C/N增加，N₂O扩散进入生物膜内缺氧区域，促进其减量。C/N由3.0增至10.0，微生物EPS分泌由（57.6±5.6）mg / g VSS降至（32.7±3.2）mg / g VSS，其中，TB-EPS含量占65.8%~68.8%。低C/N下，紧密型EPS（TB-EPS）中多糖（PS）含量增加，生物膜更加密实，N₂O扩散进入缺氧区阻力增加，释放量增加。     

Super-oleophilicity Co-doping Co2+/F-/TiO2 one-dimensional nanotubes for photocatalytic denitrification of light oil

In this study, a simple hydrothermal synthesis method was adapted for the preparation of Co-doping Co²⁺/F^-/TiO₂ nanotubes photocatalyst, and the micro-nano structure of catalysts prepared by biomimetic technology which makes the catalyst have super-oleophilicity property. Co²⁺/F^-/TiO₂ revealed improved photocatalytic performance for denitrification of light oil compared to single TiO₂ photocatalysts. The enhance of photocatalytic activity can be attributed to narrowing the band gap, increasing the light response wavelength and exposing more highly active crystal surfaces due to synergistic effects of Co²⁺ and F^? in the photocatalyst.     

半干法烟气脱硫脱硝除尘一体化技术在焦化厂中的应用

介绍了焦化厂半干法烟气脱硫脱硝除尘一体化技术在焦化厂中的应用,描述了半干法烟气脱硫、低温选择性催化还原法(SCR)脱硝+除尘一体化工艺流程,该工艺运行效果、运行参数、工艺技术的特点,运行中常见问题及解决方法和未来需要进一步思考和解决的问题等。实践证明,该工艺技术在焦化厂能够长期稳定运行,脱硫脱硝及除尘效果较好,烟气指标可达到环保要求。     

350MW机组锅炉SCR脱硝系统优化

准东煤田是我国目前最大的整装煤田,但准东煤在锅炉燃烧过程中易发生结焦问题,一般掺烧高岭土缓解结焦。某燃用准东煤350 MW机组,锅炉燃煤掺烧高岭土后烟气携带灰尘颗粒及灰尘量增大,出现SCR脱硝系统烟道积灰严重和喷氨量明显偏大问题,同时在空气预热器形成硫酸氢氨堵塞,使机组不能长周期稳定运行。通过与国内同类型多台机组锅炉对比后发现,脱硝系统均存在易产生积灰的脱硝转向室、催化剂上方及空气预热器入口斜坡积灰状况等情况。针对存在的问题,通过建立改造前、后的模型计算分析,进行了导流板布置的优化设计、CFD流场分布、优化SCR系统导流板设计、声波与蒸汽吹灰器结合吹灰和氨注射栅格优化升级等工作,应用德图480风速仪实测风速试验,发现脱硝烟道原导流板设计不合理及施工安装偏差;原导流板水平段跨距大,支撑不足,造成导流板压塌变形,影响烟气流场分布;锅炉所烧煤质为高钠煤,为防止锅炉结焦掺烧高岭土后,增加了烟气飞灰颗粒及灰尘量,飞灰具有很大黏性,易沉积在烟道导流板及烟道壁面上。因此,提出对脱硝内部各处导流板进行优化改造,对脱硝系统烟道易产生积灰的部位增加声波吹灰器,对喷氨格栅喷嘴数量及氨空混合器升级,同时开展锅炉SCR脱硝喷氨热态优化调整试验工作。通过开展相关工作,SCR烟气系统的烟气流场相对标准偏差优化5%,相同负荷下液氨消耗量降低45%,彻底解决脱硝系统积灰和空气预热器堵塞问题,实现机组满负荷达标稳定运行。锅炉长期运行半年后停炉检查,发现前期脱硝系统烟道高达1 m的积灰部位彻底解决,催化剂表面干净无杂物,解决了脱硝系统积灰问题,同时配合提高空气预热器冷端综合温度的措施,彻底解决锅炉空气预热器堵塞问题。同时,经济效益显著,每年可以分别节约液氨费用70万元,节约风机电耗费用100万元,节约检修清理积灰及检修费用80万元,节约空气预热器冲洗治理费用20万元,综合节约费用270万元/a,达到预期效果实现机组长周期安全经济稳定运行。     

少量有机碳对单级自养脱氮工艺性能的影响

采用序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR),经过4个阶段的培养,快速富集好氧氨氧化细菌(AOB)和厌氧氨氧化细菌(AnAOB),并考察不同低碳氮比对工艺脱氮性能的影响。结果表明,NH4^+-N去除率可达到99%以上,TN去除率可达到90%以上。对应C/N=0、1和2时,反应器出水NH4^+-N和TN去除率分别为99.59%、99.5%、98.47%和93.75%、97.22%、98.11%。说明少量COD的存在,可实现同步硝化-厌氧氨氧化-反硝化,且在一定程度上提高脱氮效率。     

集成式铁基质生物膜反应器自养反硝化深度脱氮

以污水厂处理水为研究对象，采用铁基质生物载体与生物膜耦合实现高效自养反硝化脱氮。考察停留时间（HRT）对系统脱氮效能的影响，通过动力学及微生物群落结构分析，揭示耦合技术的脱氮机理。结果表明：HRT为8 h，对一级A和一级B污水厂处理水，总氮(TN)平均去除率分别为95.41%和92.55%，TN处理负荷分别为0.48 kg TN/(m³·d）和0.58 kg TN/(m³·d），硝化过程氨氮(NH₄⁺-N)饱和常数分别为1.17 mg/L和0.72 mg/L，反硝化过程硝氮(NO₃^--N)饱和常数分别为0.87 mg/L和0.67 mg/L。出水水质分别达到《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类、Ⅴ类水质标准。铁基质生物载体与生物膜耦合系统中微生物优势菌属为Maritimimonas、Rhodobacter和Sphaerotilus, 均为自养反硝化菌，证实了铁基质生物载体可为自养反硝化菌提供电子，实现生物自养反硝化脱氮。     

Bioaugmentation of two-stage aerobic sequencing batch reactor with mixed strains for high nitrate nitrogen wastewater treatment

Mixed strains Delftia sp.YH01 and Acidovorax sp.YH02, with capability of heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification, were introduced into a two-stage aerobic sequencing batch reactor to enhance NO₃⁻-N removal. With optimal C/N of 8, efficient NO₃⁻-N removal was achieved at initial NO₃⁻-N concentration of 2000 mg·L⁻¹. Meanwhile, the massive accumulation of NO₂⁻-N was avoided during the long operation. Compared to the one-stage aerobic sequencing batch reactor, the removal efficiency of NO₃⁻-N and TN in the two-stage aerobic sequencing batch reactor was increased by 36.5% and 42.7%, which respectively was 93.8% and 88.4%. Microbial community study showed that the mixed strains have the stronger viability and can synergistically denitrify with the indigenous microorganisms in system, such as Azoarcus, Uncultured Saprospiraceae, Thauera, Paracocccus, which could be major contributors for aerobic denitrification. The proposed technology was shown to achieve high-efficiency treatment of high NO₃⁻-N wastewater through aerobic denitrification.     

一株分离自畜禽养殖废水的异养硝化细菌及其脱氮特性分析

为了从高氨氮养殖废水中发掘高效脱氮菌株资源，本研究采用富集培养的方法，从猪粪水自然曝气池污水中分离得到1株有较高脱氮效率异养硝化菌ZF1-1；经形态学分析、16S rRNA基因序列比对和系统发育树构建，鉴定其为Bacillus siamensis ZF1-1。脱氮特性研究表明，在以硫酸铵为唯一氮源的人工废水培养基中，菌株ZF1-1在接种量1%、30 ℃、180 r/min培养72 h的条件下，对氨氮的转化率为77.55%，总氮脱除率为21.00%，且不积累中间产物硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐。菌株ZF1-1转化氨氮最适碳源是甘露醇，最适碳氮比为20。相同培养条件和培养时间下，初始氨氮浓度增加，则氨氮脱除率降低；初始氨氮浓度为100 mg/L时，氨氮转化效果最好，转化率达93.46%。Fe2+、Fe3+和Mg2+能显著提高菌株ZF1-1的氨氮脱除率，分别达到98.66%、93.48%、86.47%。将菌株ZF1-1应用于高氨氮浓度（1277.41 mg/L）的猪粪废水脱氮；结果显示，菌株ZF1-1处理效果较好，使猪粪废水氨氮和总氮浓度分别降低37.50%和22.22%。因此，菌株ZF1-1在畜禽养殖高氨氮污染废水脱氮领域具有良好的应用价值。     

The relative importance of Lemna gibba L., bacteria and algae for the nitrogen and phosphorus removal in duckweed-covered domestic wastewater

To arrive at detailed nutrient balances for duckweed-covered wastewater treatment systems, five laboratory-scale experiments were carried out in shallow (3.3 cm), 1 l batch systems to assess separately the contributions of duckweed itself, attached and suspended bacteria as well as algae to N- and P-removal in domestic wastewater. Depending on the initial concentrations, our duckweed-covered systems removed 120–590 mg N m⁻² d⁻¹ (73–97% of the initial Kjeldahl-nitrogen) and 14–74 mg P m⁻² d⁻¹ (63–99% of the initial total phosphorus) in 3 days. Duckweed (Lemna gibba L.) itself was directly responsible for 30–47% of the total N-loss by uptake of ammonium and, probably dependent on the initial P-concentrations, for up to 52% of the total P-loss. The indirect contribution of duckweed to the total nutrient removal was also considerable and included the uptake (and adsorption) of ammonium and ortho-phosphate by algae and bacteria in the attached biofilm and the removal of N through nitrification/denitrification by bacteria attached to the duckweed. Together these accounted for 35–46 and 31–71% of the total N- and P-loss, respectively. Therefore, approximately of the total N- and P-loss could be attributed to the duckweed mat. The remaining quarter is due to non-duckweed related components: uptake and nitrification/denitrification by algae and bacteria attached to the walls and the sediment of the system (including sedimentation). Other processes, like NH₃-volatilisation, N-fixation and nutrient uptake as well as nitrification/denitrification by suspended microorganisms did not influence the N- and P-balance of our systems, but could become important with increasing water depths and retention times.