Complex study of protective Cr3C2–NiAl coatings deposited by vacuum electro-spark alloying,pulsed cathodic arc evaporation,magnetron sputtering,and hybrid technology

Coatings were obtained by vacuum electro-spark alloying (VESA), pulsed cathodic arc evaporation (PCAE), magnetron sputtering (MS) techniques and VESA-PCAE-MS hybrid technology using Cr₃C₂–NiAl electrodes. The structure of the coatings was analyzed using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. Mechanical properties were determined by nanoindentation, while tribological properties were assessed using pin-on-disk tribometer. Corrosion resistance was estimated by voltammetry in 1 N H₂SO₄ and 3.5%NaCl solutions. Oxidation resistance tests were performed at 800°С in air. The VESA coating had the highest thickness, low friction coefficient and high wear resistance. PCAE coating demonstrated the highest hardness (24 GPa) and elastic recovery (59%), oxidation resistance and superior corrosion resistance both in 1 N H₂SO₄ (i_corr = 70 μА/cm²) and 3.5%NaCl (i_corr = 0.74 μА/cm²) solutions. The MS coating had average mechanical properties and low corrosion current density (71 μА/cm²) in 1 N H₂SO₄. Deposition of coatings using VESA-PCAE-MS hybrid technology led to an increase in corrosion and oxidation resistance at least by 1.5 times in comparison with the VESA coating.     

Structure,mechanical and thermal properties of Y-doped CrAlN coatings

CrAlYN coatings with different Y contents (0, 5 and 12 at.%) were deposited by cathodic arc evaporation to investigate the influence of Y-addition on the structure, mechanical and thermal properties of CrAlN coatings by using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetric analysis and nanoindentation. The structural transformation of single phase cubic Cr_0.42Al_0.58N and Cr_0.39Al_0.56Y_0.05N coatings to cubic–wurtzite mixed Cr_0.32Al_0.56Y_0.12N coating leads to a drop in hardness from (30.2±0.7) GPa of Cr_0.42Al_0.58N and (32.0±1.0) GPa of Cr_0.39Al_0.56Y_0.05N to (25.2±0.7) GPa of Cr_0.32Al_0.56Y_0.12N. The incorporation of 5 at.% Y retards the thermal decomposition of CrAlN, verified by the postponed precipitation of w-AlN and N-loss upon annealing. Correspondingly, Cr_0.39Al_0.56Y_0.05N coating consistently exhibits the highest hardness value during thermal annealing. Nevertheless, alloying with Y exerts an adverse effect on the oxidation resistance of CrAlN.     

Chromium evaporation and oxidation characteristics of alumina-forming austenitic stainless steels for balance of plant applications in solid oxide fuel cells

The chromium (Cr) evaporation behavior of several different types of iron (Fe)-based AFA alloys and benchmark Cr₂O₃-forming Fe-based 310 and Ni-based 625 alloys was investigated for 500 h exposures at 800 °C to 900 °C in air with 10% H₂O. The Cr evaporation rates from alumina-forming austenitic (AFA) alloys were ~5 to 35 times lower than that of the Cr₂O₃-forming alloys depending on alloy and temperature. The Cr evaporation behavior was correlated with extensive characterization of the chemistry and microstructure of the oxide scales, which also revealed a degree of quartz tube Si contamination during the test. Long-term oxidation kinetics were also assessed at 800 to 1000 °C for up to 10,000 h in air with 10% H₂O to provide further guidance for SOFC BOP component alloy selection.     

近50年大黑河流域气候水文要素变化趋势及突变分析

基于大黑河流域6个气象站1966～2013年气温、降水量、蒸发皿蒸发量、相对湿度和日照时数长期数据系列,采用气候倾向率和滑动t检验法分析了近50年大黑河流域气象要素的变化趋势及变异年份。结果表明,大黑河流域整体呈现暖干气候倾向,气温呈显著增高趋势,变化率为0.43～0.57℃/10a,气温增温变点大致出现了两次,分别在1986、1997年;降水量和蒸发量多呈不显著减少趋势,降水量先减(1981年)后增(1990年),蒸发皿蒸发量先减(1986年)后增(1996年);相对湿度、日照时数多呈显著减小趋势。     

直升机液冷/蒸发制冷联合系统关键部件试验性能

现代军用直升机经常执行特殊飞行任务，其机载电子设备具有功率大、瞬间振荡、高热通量等特点，使得环控系统的冷却需求呈指数上升趋势，进而制约着直升机的巡航功能和战斗性能的提升。针对直升机机载大功率电子设备的冷却需求，结合制冷剂、冷却液循环等子系统，搭建地面稳态试验台，针对蒸发器、冷凝器等关键部件进行了地面稳态试验。研究过程采用仿真与试验相结合的方法，开展了制冷循环中蒸发器、冷凝器等关键部件稳态仿真计算，且完成了蒸发器、冷凝器的换热性能试验研究，对所建立的仿真模型进行了有效性校核与参数修正。上述研究可为后续直升机液冷/蒸发制冷系统的关键部件设计提供一定的参考。     

双层毛细芯对环路热管传热性能的实验分析

环路热管作为一种高效的相变传热装置,其性能与位于蒸发器和储液槽之间的毛细芯结构密切相关。为了更深入研究双层毛细芯对环路热管传热性能的影响,利用不同颗粒直径铜粉制备双层毛细芯,在毛细芯总厚度为5 mm的条件下,通过调整大粒径和小粒径层的相对厚度来改变毛细芯厚度比,对平板型蒸发器环路热管启动和变工况运行进行实验测试。实验结果表明:在同一工况下,不同厚度比的双层毛细芯启动特性存在显著差异,启动过程中出现小粒径层蒸发效率低引起的温度过冲和环路热管中气液两相流变化导致的温度振荡;同时存在一个较优的双铜层毛细芯厚度比,大粒径(180～280μm)铜层厚度为3 mm可提高蒸发效率,小粒径(56～71μm)铜层厚度为2 mm可提供足够毛细抽吸力保证环路热管稳定运行。搭载该厚度毛细芯的环路热管不仅启动速度快(125 s),而且总热阻和蒸发器壁面温度均最低,最大加热功率达到120 W(21.10 W/cm~2),对应热阻为0.17 K/W。     

低温绝热气瓶绝热性能检测时间优化分析

蒸发率是用来检测低温绝热气瓶绝热性能是否合格的一个重要指标,但是目前仍存在检测时间较长的不足。依据一维传热模型,提出了一种基于一定检测时长的优化检测方法。该方法以少于24 h的实际检测数据作为样本来获取传热系数等部分参数,并利用获取的参数预测剩余时间的蒸发流量,最终实现缩短检测时间的目的。为了验证优化方法的有效性,搭建了恒温箱实验台并进行了相关试验测试。对比结果表明,计算结果与试验值符合良好,误差在5%以内,验证了模型的可靠性与实用性。     

煤制烯烃含盐废水近零排放技术的应用

与石油、天然气相比，我国煤炭资源更加丰富，发展新型煤化工产业是大势所趋。煤炭和水资源的逆向分布导致煤化工企业所在地水环境问题尤为突出。常规处理工艺难以实现废水达标排放和资源回用目标，需通过特定的近零排放技术工艺，将浓盐水进一步浓缩至盐结晶，产水全部回用，结晶盐外排作为固废处置。本文结合工程实例，介绍了某煤化工项目针对生产过程中产生的含盐废水所采取的近零排放处理工艺技术路线，其主要由含盐废水膜处理单元和浓盐水蒸发结晶单元组成。采用机械蒸汽压缩循环、强制循环降膜蒸发、高效传热和盐种等技术，同时对蒸发结晶近零排放系统进行改进和优化。装置实际运行结果表明：各项工艺参数指标及药剂和能源消耗量均达到设计要求，产水水质达到优质再生水回用标准，实现整套装置长周期稳定运行及废水近零排放目标。     

Transparent Electrothermal Film Defoggers and Antiicing Coatings based on Wrinkled Graphene

Fog, frost, ice, and other natural phenomena can inevitably affect human life and the function of equipment. Therefore, removal or prevention is an urgent problem to be solved. As a new type of 2D material, graphene possesses great application potential in defogging and antiicing. In this work, a graphene film with intentionally increased defects and uniformly distributed wrinkles is synthesized on copper–zinc alloy substrates by chemical vapor deposition, and transparent electrothermal film defoggers are prepared based on such material. The defoggers can completely remove fog within 5 s when supplying a safe voltage of 28 V. The surface resistance of the defoggers is sensitive to humidity and it can monitor the defogging process in real time. Such outstanding performance is attributed to the ultrafast evaporation mechanism, which can prevent excessive water accumulation. The antiicing performance of wrinkled graphene (WG) is further studied. The antiicing coatings can delay freezing for 1.25 h at ?15 °C or 2.8 h at ?10 °C. The superior performance of WG can be explained by its unique surface structure and nanoscale roughness. Taken together, WG is expected to be used in antifog glass, rearview mirror defogging, aircraft surface deicing, and other applications.