Aerobic Exercise Ameliorates Cancer Cachexia-Induced Muscle Wasting through Adiponectin Signaling

Cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by muscle loss that cannot be reversed by conventional nutritional support. To uncover the molecular basis underlying the onset of cancer cachectic muscle wasting and establish an effective intervention against muscle loss, we used a cancer cachectic mouse model and examined the effects of aerobic exercise. Aerobic exercise successfully suppressed muscle atrophy and activated adiponectin signaling. Next, a cellular model for cancer cachectic muscle atrophy using C2C12 myotubes was prepared by treating myotubes with a conditioned medium from a culture of colon-26 cancer cells. Treatment of the atrophic myotubes with recombinant adiponectin was protective against the thinning of cells through the increased production of p-mTOR and suppression of LC3-II. Altogether, these findings suggest that the activation of adiponectin signaling could be part of the molecular mechanisms by which aerobic exercise ameliorates cancer cachexia-induced muscle wasting.     

好氧发酵过程微界面传质耦合模拟分析

微生物好氧发酵过程是一个多相生化反应体系，空气中的氧在气液两相间的传质速率对生化发酵过程有重要影响。而气泡中氧的传递特性是气泡的形态、运动及体系温度、压力和物性综合影响的结果。通过建立两组分空气气泡上升及其氧传质耦合模型，进而采用数值模拟描述好氧发酵体系中微界面体系的强化效果。利用能量耗散理论评价制造微气泡体系的能耗，以获得高性价比的气泡形态和较高的氧利用率。计算结果表明，在预设的工况下，液面高度一定的反应器内，初始半径大于500 μm的气泡会在短时间内逸出体系，造成物料浪费；而气泡初始半径小于100 μm时，其停留时间、传质效率和氧利用率会显著提升。小气泡的生成需要较大的能耗，需要综合生产成本考虑。在不考虑其他因素影响的情况下，体系中的DO值如果维持在20%~30%，可以获得最大的氧气传质速率。     

PBAT‒PLA膜袋受控需氧堆肥条件下的降解研究

目的 通过对广泛使用的PBAT–PLA生物降解膜袋在受控需氧堆肥条件下的降解机制研究，为生物降解塑料的大规模推广提供重要理论基础。方法 根据GB/T 19277.1—2011，在(58±2)℃需氧条件下，对PBAT–PLA膜袋进行为期160 d的生物降解测试(即工业堆肥)，并以常见的可降解材料微晶纤维素作为参比样品。对降解前后的材料进行红外、扫描电镜、能谱分析，并结合其所在堆肥样本的脂肪酶活性，从多角度探寻降解机制。结果 PBAT–PLA膜袋与微晶纤维素所在的堆肥脂肪酶活性都达到空白堆肥的3倍以上。红外显示由微晶纤维素水分子吸附、糖环打开、基团氧化形成的吸收峰加强，PBAT–PLA膜袋中的酯键峰明显减弱;扫描电镜发现降解的PBAT–PLA膜袋表面覆盖了微生物膜;能谱分析发现，碳元素大幅减少，氧元素增加。结论 微生物在PBAT–PLA膜袋表面生长形成生物膜，分泌大量脂肪酶，水解PBAT–PLA的酯键，使聚合物降解为不同链长的中间体或小分子，同时伴随着氧化，随后被作为碳源，在相关微生物体内被代谢利用，形成最终产物。     

Aerobic granular sludge in a sequencing batch reactor

In a laboratory scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) granules were cultured under aerobic conditions. To enhance the growth of granular sludge the SBR was operated with very short sedimentation and draw phases resulting in the washout of slow settling biomass. Fast settling granules were retained in the reactor and thus had an advantage over flocs with a slower settling velocity. After 40 days of operation granules were the dominant form of microbial aggregates in the reactor, even though some pin-point flocs remained in the system. Granules taken from the reactor were stored for weeks without disintegrating. After about 130 days of operation the granule quality and COD-removal worsened. The reasons for that are yet to be investigated.     

小氮肥企业高氨氮废水处理的试验研究

针对小氮肥厂生产废水的排放现状及其对城市污水处理厂的影响 ,在试验的基础上提出了处理高含氨氮废水的空气吹脱—好氧硝化处理工艺 .空气吹脱可有效地去除解吸液中的氨氮 ,氨氮浓度由 1869.3mg/L降至 40 8.3mg/L ,去除率为 78% ;好氧生物硝化可有效地去除混合生产废水中的氨氮 ,氨氮浓度由 2 41mg/L降低为 2 3 .2mg/L ,去除率达 90 % ,达到国家二级排放标准     

Role of mass transfer in overall substrate removal rate in a sequential aerobic sludge blanket reactor treating a non-inhibitory substrate

A laboratory study was undertaken to explore the role of mass transfer in overall substrate removal rate and the subsequent kinetic behavior in a glucose-fed sequential aerobic sludge blanket (SASB) reactor. At the organic loading rates (OLRs) of 2-8 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD)/m³-d, the SASB reactor removed over 98% of COD from wastewater. With an increase in OLR, the average granule diameter (d_p = 1.1-1.9 mm) and the specific oxygen utilization rate increased; whereas biomass density of granules and solids retention time decreased (13-32 d). The intrinsic and apparent kinetic parameters were evaluated using break-up and intact granules, respectively. The calculated COD removal efficiencies using the kinetic model (incorporating intrinsic kinetics) and empirical model (incorporating apparent kinetics) agreed well with the experimental results, implying that both models can properly describe the overall substrate removal rate in the SASB reactor. By applying the validated kinetic model, the calculated mass transfer parameter values and the simulated substrate concentration profiles in the granule showed that the overall substrate removal rate is intra-granular diffusion controlled. By varying different d_p within a range of 0.1-3.5 mm, the simulated COD removal efficiencies disclosed that the optimal granular size could be no greater than 2.5 mm.     

污泥嗜热菌好氧消化与传统高温好氧消化的效果对比

在65℃的条件下利用嗜热菌消解城市污水处理厂的剩余污泥，并与传统高温好氧消化的效果进行了对比。结果表明：在有嗜热菌存在的条件下污泥的消化效果更好，对TSS、VSS的去除率分别可达55％和65％，而传统高温好氧消化的仅为40％和50％。嗜热菌好氧消化技术为城市污水处理厂提供了一种新的污泥减量化方法，使得剩余污泥“零排放”成为可能。     

利用好氧颗粒污泥实现同时除磷脱氮

为实现同时除磷脱氮,以单级SBR中的好氧颗粒污泥为研究对象,在温度为 25℃、pH值为 7~8、厌氧反应 80~90min、好氧反应 240min、曝气阶段的DO为 1~2mg/L、SRT为 20d的运行条件下进行了研究。结果表明,大量反硝化聚磷菌能够与硝化菌在颗粒污泥中共存并富集,反硝化聚磷菌占全部聚磷菌的 73. 1%;系统处于稳态时对氮、磷和有机碳具有非常稳定的去除效果。当进水氨氮、磷和乙酸碳浓度分别为 25~50、8~15、100~180mg/L,MLSS为 7. 0g/L,MLVSS为 6. 4g/L时,对氨氮、总无机氮、磷、乙酸碳的平均去除率分别为 97. 8%、89. 7%、96. 8%和98. 8%。     

扩展流好氧滤池的复合脱氮特性

为实现高效低耗脱氮,对扩展流好氧滤池的除碳、脱氮特性进行了研究,结果表明滤层内存在复合脱氮过程,相应的系统环境条件:DO为 1. 5~2. 5mg/L、运行周期为 10d左右、滤层内COD≤25mg/L、生物膜结构稳定,此时脱氮过程以异养反硝化和厌氧氨氧化为主,且两种作用在竞争中达到平衡。