Modeling and design of 3-D MPPT for ultra low power RF energy harvesters

Radio-Frequency (RF) energy harvesting must cope with the limited availability and high variability of the energy source. In this paper, the modeling of an RF harvester for ultra low power environments is presented. A mathematical model based on theoretical analysis is developed. The model demonstrates that the maximum transferred power point is located in a three-dimensional space defined by the input capacitance, the output voltage, and the load resistance of the rectifier circuit. Moreover, the mathematical model returns results in substantial agreement with the SPICE simulation results, while guaranteeing a remarkable reduction of the required computation time. Furthermore, the paper reports the implementation of a mixed signal system for the 3-D MPPT, to be embedded in an RF harvester, in a 65 nm CMOS technology. The circuit exhibits a simulated power consumption lower than 100 nW, making this solution suitable for ultra low power harvesting.     

A novel strategy based on salp swarm algorithm for extracting the maximum power of proton exchange membrane fuel cell

Cell temperature and water content of the membrane have a significant effect on the performance of fuel cells. The current-power curve of the fuel cell has a maximum power point (MPP) that is needed to be tracked. This study presents a novel strategy based on a salp swarm algorithm (SSA) for extracting the maximum power of proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). At first, a new formula is derived to estimate the optimal voltage of PEMFC corresponding to MPP. Then the error between the estimated voltage at MPP and the actual terminal voltage of the fuel cell is fed to a proportional-integral-derivative controller (PID). The output of the PID controller tunes the duty cycle of a boost converter to maximize the harvested power from the PEMFC. SSA determines the optimal gains of PID. Sensitivity analysis is performed with the operating fuel cell at different cell temperature and water content of the membrane. The obtained results through the proposed strategy are compared with other programmed approaches of incremental resistance method, Fuzzy-Logic, grey antlion optimizer, wolf optimizer, and mine-blast algorithm. The obtained results demonstrated high reliability and efficiency of the proposed strategy in extracting the maximum power of the PEMFC.     

An Advanced Universal Power Quality Conditioning System and MPPT method for grid integration of photovoltaic systems

A photovoltaic system usually produces power quality pollutions to the interfaced power systems without a proper functioning of active filters. At present, available active filters are unable to fully suppress power grid harmonics and distortions, worsening power quality conditions within the interfaced system. This paper presents an Advanced Universal Power Quality Conditioning System (AUPQS) to interface photovoltaic systems to a power grid. In the interfaced system, an improved series active filter is designed to generate output voltages to compensate all the source voltage deficiencies and to highly suppress the grid-end current harmonics and distortions, even under unbalanced non-linear load conditions. Also, an independent single-phase inverter is suggested at the load side instead of the source side to regulate the DC-link voltage. Hence, the distortions and harmonics generated by this single-phase inverter are absorbed by the shunt filter of the AUPQS. Finally, a hybrid maximum power point tracking (MPPT) approach is proposed for effective operation of photovoltaic systems even under sudden light intensity changes and solar cells temperature variations. The overall interfaced system is designed and developed using Matlab/Simulink software. The effectiveness of the proposed AUPQS and MPPT method is further validated by simulation results.     

Study on maximum power point tracking of photovoltaic array in irregular shadow

Traditional maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods can hardly find global maximum power point (MPP) because output characteristics curve of photovoltaic (PV) array may have multi local maximum power points in irregular shadow, and thus easily fall into the local maximum power point. To address this drawback, Considering that sliding mode variable structure (SMVS) control strategy have such advantages as simple structure, fast response and strong robustness, and P&O method have the advantages of simple principle and convenient implementation, so a new algorithm combining SMVS control method and P&O method is proposed, besides, PI controller is applied to reduce system chattering caused by switching sliding surface. It is applied to MPPT control of PV array in irregular shadow to solve the problem of multi-peak optimization in partial shadow. In order to verity the rationality of the proposed algorithm, the experimental circuit is built, which achieves MPPT control by means of the proposed algorithm and P&O method. The experimental results show that compared with the traditional P&O algorithm, the proposed algorithm can fast track the global MPP, tracking speed increases by 60% and the relative error decreased by 20%. Moreover, the system becomes more stable near the MPP, the fluctuations of output power is greatly reduced, and thus make full use of solar energy.     

Bidirectional energy storage photovoltaic grid-connected inverter application system

A novel topology of the bidirectional energy storage photovoltaic grid-connected inverter was proposed to reduce the negative impact of the photovoltaic grid-connected system on the grid caused by environmental instability. Using the proposed Inverter as a UPS power supply in case of a grid failure, storage electrical energy and regulating the energy delivered to the grid for reducing the pressure on the grid. A new artificial fish-swarm algorithm and variable step voltage perturbation method were presented to track the maximum power point of the solar panels. Analysis was done to reduce the output ripple of the inverter and sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) was selected to control the inverter. Model simulation was performed using PSpice software to obtain the volt-ampere characteristic curve of the solar panel output. The solar array simulator was used to verify the effect of maximum power point tracking at different light intensities. The study concludes that the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) efficiency of the bidirectional energy storage photovoltaic grid-connected inverter designed was as high as 99.9%. The distortion rate of the grid-connected current waveform was within 2% and the DC current component was less than 0.5%. The output voltage and power were in full compliance with the grid connection standard.     

永磁直驱风电系统中最大功率点跟踪控制优化的仿真研究

分析了风力机特性、永磁直驱电机模型、变换器控制策略及各种功率跟踪控制算法优缺点,并提出一种基于爬山搜索法的最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)控制方法的优化。在MATLAB/Simulink环境下搭建了永磁直驱风力发电系统模型,仿真分析了控制方法对最大功率点的跟踪效果,结果表明当风机起动及风速变化时MPPT控制方法能够使系统快速稳定在新的工作点,捕获得最大功率。由此验证了改进优化后的控制方法及所搭建模型的准确性与有效性。     

基于集散式逆变的光伏并网系统的仿真与研究

本文对光伏并网发电系统做了详细的介绍,其中包括对光伏电池的SIMULINK仿真以及对其输出特性的分析.然后提出一种以1 MW光伏并网发电系统为基础,应用集散式逆变系统来取代传统的集中式逆变系统和组串式逆变系统的方案.在靠近光伏组件端直接采用多路MPPT先进行最大功率点跟踪,并且将直流电升压到800 V之后,再集中在逆变室中进行逆变成520 V交流电,然后并入电网系统中,减少了交直流传输过程中的线损和逆变器自身损耗,并且提升了整个系统的发电效率.     

基于虚拟负载的快速变步长光伏电池最大功率点跟踪方法

光伏系统最大功率点跟踪的传统方法涉及步长和周期的选取,而变步长算法需依赖系统参数等条件,影响系统的跟踪响应速度以及稳定性。为了进一步加快最大功率点的搜索速度同时降低稳态时功率输出振荡,提出一种新型快速变步长搜索算法。通过定义虚拟负载线并结合I-V曲线实现最大功率点的定向跟踪,可以在数个运算周期将工作点锁定在最大功率点附近。再通过对容许误差的定义,实现了稳态时输出功率无振荡。实验证明了所提算法能够显著提高搜索速度并保证了输出的稳定性,能够适应不同外部环境的快速变化。     

提高大型风电机组恒转速段发电量的变桨策略

常规认为的额定风速以下的恒定最优桨距角在机组恒转速段并不一定是最优的。恒转速段的最大功率跟踪问题等同于特定转速下的气动转矩最大化问题,以提高发电量为目标分析了在两个恒转速段内切向力系数及法向力系数与桨距角的定性关系。分析表明,在恒最低转速段通过合理地正调桨距角可以提升切向力系数并提高发电量,且可减轻轴向推力等载荷;在恒最高转速段通过合理地负调桨距角可以提升切向力系数并提高发电量,但会增大轴向推力载荷;在两个恒转速段内特定风速下均存在其对应的最优桨距角,且最优桨距角随风速单调变化。针对最优桨距角难以直接量化的问题,根据定性分析结果推断出最优桨距角的合理表达式,并给出了表达式中参数的离线辨识方法。最后采用专业软件Bladed中的商用机组实际参数模型,从稳态和动态两方面对恒转速区提高发电量的变桨策略进行了验证,仿真结果很好地证明了分析的正确性,从而更好地指导机组提高发电量。     

基于功率变换器与励磁电压扰动法的SRG风电MPPT控制

提出一种新型开关磁阻发电机(SRG)自励解耦型功率变换器结构和运行方法,满足两相绕组同时工作,克服了传统他励式和自励式功率变换器的缺点,发电电压与励磁电压之间经过带隔离的正激电路实现解耦,励磁电压独立可调。基于此新型功率变换器,提出基于励磁电压扰动法进行SRG最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)的控制方法,该方法不依赖于复杂数学模型,通过检测励磁电压扰动下输出功率与转速的变化,实现MPPT。最后,通过仿真分析和实验验证说明,最大功率跟踪效果较好。