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This study examines the effects of erythromycin on activated sludge from two French urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Wastewater spiked with 10 mg/L erythromycin inhibited the specific evolution rate of chemical oxygen demand (COD) by 79% (standard deviation 34%) and the specific N-NH4+ evolution rate by 41% (standard deviation 25%). A temporary increase in COD and tryptophan-like fluorescence, as well as a decrease in suspended solids, were observed in reactors with wastewater containing erythromycin. The destruction of activated sludge flocs was monitored by automated image analysis. The effect of erythromycin on nitrification was variable depending on the sludge origin. Erythromycin inhibited the specific nitrification rate in sludge from one WWTP, but increased the nitrification rate at the other facility.  相似文献   
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The objective of the present study was to develop an immunoassay for multi-determination of the residues of four macrolide antibiotics in milk. Tylosin was derivatized with 6-aminohexanoic acid to synthesize a hapten that was used to produce the monoclonal antibody. The obtained monoclonal antibody simultaneously recognized tylosin, acetylisovaleryltylosin, tilmicosin and desmycosin with crossreactivities of 100%, 91%, 49% and 76%, respectively. Then an indirect competitive immunoassay was developed to determine the four analytes in milk simultaneously. The limits of detection for the four analytes were in the range of 5.5–11.7 ng/mL depending on the compound. The recoveries of the four analytes from fortified blank milk were in the range of 78%–96% with coefficients of variation lower than 11.4%. The developed immunoassay could be used as a practical tool for rapid screening the residues of the four anlytes in milk.  相似文献   
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This article describes the photolysis of azithromycin, a macrolide antibiotic with reported occurrence in environmental waters, under simulated solar radiation. The photodegradation followed first-order reaction kinetics in five matrices examined. In HPLC water, the degradation rate was the slowest (half-life: 20 h), whereas in artificial freshwater supplemented with nitrate (5 mg L−1) or humic acids (0.5 mg L−1) the degradation of azithromycin was enhanced by factors of 5 and 16, respectively, which indicated the role of indirect photolysis involving the formation of highly reactive species. Following chromatographic separation on a UPLC system, the characterization of the transformation products was accomplished using high-resolution QqToF-MS analysis. The presence of seven photoproducts was observed and their formation was postulated to originate from (bis)-N-demethylation in the desosamine sugar, O-demethylation in the cladinose sugar, combinations thereof, as well as from hydrolytic cleavages of the desosamine and/or cladinose residue. Two of these photoproducts could also be detected in natural photodegradation process in river water which was spiked with azithromycin.  相似文献   
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3种大环内酯类抗生素对海洋发光菌的毒性作用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
以海洋发光菌为受试生物,研究了红霉素、罗红霉素、乙酰螺旋霉素3种抗生素的单一和联合毒性作用。基于常见的3种联合作用评价方法,对混合体系的联合毒性作用进行了评价研究。结果表明,3种抗生素对发光菌单独作用的半最大效应浓度(EC50)分别为:0.725 9×10-3,1.207 8×10-3和0.633×10-3mol/L;二元联合体系对发光菌的毒性强弱为:红霉素+乙酰螺旋霉素>罗红霉素+红霉素>罗红霉素+乙酰螺旋霉素。3种抗生素联合体系作用类型的不同与每种抗生素不同取代基对微生物生理生化过程的影响有关。在选择的联合研究体系中,以毒性单位法获得参数的数值较大,灵敏度较高。研究大环内酯类抗生素对发光菌的毒性作用可为环境风险评价提供基础数据。  相似文献   
5.
The attenuation and fate of erythromycin-resistance-methylase (erm) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamse (bla) genes were quantified over time in aquatic systems by adding 20-L swine waste to 11,300-L outdoor mesocosms that simulated receiving water conditions below intensive agricultural operations. The units were prepared with two different light-exposure scenarios and included artificial substrates to assess gene movement into biofilms. Of eleven genes tested, only erm(B), erm(F), blaSHV and blaTEM were found in sufficient quantity for monitoring. The genes disappeared rapidly from the water column and first-order water-column disappearance coefficients were calculated. However, detected gene levels became elevated in the biofilms within 2 days, but then disappeared over time. Differences were observed between sunlight and dark treatments and among individual genes, suggesting that ecological and gene-specific factors play roles in the fate of these genes after release into the environment. Ultimately, this information will aid in generating better predictive models for gene fate.  相似文献   
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采用固相萃取-超高效液相色谱三重四极杆质谱联用法,建立了同时测定养殖废水中9种大环内酯及林可酰胺类抗生素的方法,并对样品pH值、保存时间、洗脱溶剂、上样流速及过滤材质等进行了优化。测定结果表明,pH值为6,过滤材质为聚丙烯(GHP),上样速度为5 mL/min时,9种抗生素的加标回收率最优,为71.4%~126%,相对标准偏差最小,为2.4%~7.1%,标准曲线的线性最好,相关系数为0.998 5~0.999 5,检出限为0.78~1.22 ng/L。该方法灵敏度高、检出限低、测定结果准确,能够广泛应用于养殖废水中大环内酯及林可酰胺类抗生素残留量的监测分析。  相似文献   
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