基于卫星雷达数据的鄱阳湖湿地水面检测与淹露分析

以鄱阳湖自然保护区湿地为例,对多时相、多极化的合成孔径雷达(ENVISAT ASAR)数据作主成分分析,得到主成分分量影像,其中次要分量波段包含大部分的局部变异信息,使用主成分分量波段和log算子提取了ASAR影像中湿地淹没变化信息.结果表明,鄱阳湖自然保护区湿地对外湖水位变化有滞后效应,但总体上,其淹没变化仍显著地受到鄱阳湖外湖洪水的影响.与分类后检测法、分类前变化探测法等方法相比,所采用的变化检测方法可得到更为理想的ASAR影像湿地淹没变化信息提取的精度.使用同极化/交叉极化组合模式的ASAR数据对水面变化检测的精度明显优于同极化波段(HH/VV)组合的数据.     

A Two‐Decade Watershed Approach to Stream Restoration Log Jam Design and Stream Recovery Monitoring: Finney Creek,Washington

A federal, state, and private partnership leveraged resources and employed a long‐term, systematic approach to improve aquatic habitat degraded by decades of intensive forest management in Finney Creek, a tributary to the Skagit River of Northwest Washington State. After more than a decade of work to reduce sediment sources and the risk of landslides within the watershed, log jam installation commenced in 1999 and progressed downstream through 2010. Log jam design was adapted as experience was gained. A total of 181 log jams, including 60 floating log ballasted jams, were constructed along 12 km of channel. The goal was to alter hydraulic processes that affect aquatic habitat formation along 39 km of stream with emphasis on 18.5 km of lower Finney Creek. Aquatic habitat surveys over a five‐year period show an increase in the area of large pools and an accompanying increase in residual and maximum pool depth in the lower river reach. Channel cross sections show a generally deeper channel at the log jams, better channel definition in the gravel deposits at the head of the log jams, and improved riffle and thalweg development below the log jams. Stream temperature in the upper river decreased by 1.0°F in the first three years, and 1.1°F in the lowest treated reach over nine years. There is a trend of less stream heating over the restoration time period. Photo points show that riparian vegetation is recolonizing gravel bars.     

STOCHASTIC FLOW DURATION CURVES FOR EVALUATION OF FLOW REGIMES IN RIVERS1

ABSTRACT: A stochastic estimation of low flow in the upper reaches of streams is needed for the planning, development, and management of water resources and/or water use systems. In this paper, the definition and development procedure for the stochastic flow duration curve is presented and applied to five catchments located in eastern Japan and to two catchments in western Thailand. The probability distribution of N‐year daily discharge data is extracted at various percentages of time for which specified discharges are equaled or exceeded in a water year. Such a distribution is usually represented with a straight line on log‐normal probability paper. However, some of the probability plots for the annual minimum daily discharge are best represented with a straight line on Weibull probability paper. The effectiveness of the stochastic flow duration curve defined for the evaluation of flow regime is illustrated through its application. The ten year probability for the discharge exceeded 97 percent of the time may be recognized as an index of low flow. The recession shape of the lower part of the flow duration curve is dependent on the strength of low flow persistence.     

Compound dependence of the relationship log Kow and log BCFL

Linear relatinships between log bioconcentration factor (BCF) and log K^ow for a variety of compounds have been reported many times in the literature. Analysis of the thermodynamics of the two partition processes has, however, shown that they are not analogous and that linear relationships can be expected to have different slopes for structurally unrelated compounds. In this study a set of literature lipid normalized BCF (BCF_L) values of chlorbenzenes (CBs) for rainbow trout and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) forDaphnia was put together with literature K_ow values. The slopes of the regression lines for log BCF_L versus log K_ow for the two groups of compounds proved to differ significantly in a statistical test using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The difference, which is of significance for estimates of BCFs in environmental modelling of these types of compounds, is explained by the differences in chemical structure of the two groups of compounds.     

SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF RANGELAND INFILTRATION RATES1

ABSTRACT: Spatial variability of infiltration rates was examined for a site in southern Idaho. Data used represented 13 sampling dates over a 5-year period. Samples initially were taken within a native big sagebrush community, again after plowing and seeding to crested and intermediate wheatgrass, and then while the seeded area was being grazed by domestic livestock. Results indicate that either a normal or log normal distribution may be adequate for describing measured infiltration rates.     

测震数字化观测系统前台机维护的研究

随着地震台站数字化和计算机网络技术的使用,对地震台数字化系统的维护提出了更高的要求。而数字化观测系统前台机的正常与否是整个数字化的核心,前台机的安全和维护工作的成败直接影响数字资料的质量和产出。本文针对在实际工作中所遇到的各种问题,结合地震台的实际情况,归纳和总结了一些方法和见解,提出一些切合实际的解决方法,希望对兄弟台站测震数字化系统的维护有所帮助。     

类脂复合吸附剂去除水中微量七氯和环氧七氯的研究

研制了一种新型类脂-活性炭复合吸附剂,研究了其对水中痕量持久性有机污染物--七氯和环氧七氯的吸附行为.实验结果表明,该新型复合吸附剂对七氯和环氧七氯有较强的吸附性能,反应48 h后,对初始浓度为20μg·L-1的七氯和环氧七氯的去除率分别为98.79%和98.08%;吸附等温线符合弗兰德里希模型;吸附动力学符合准二阶动力学模型.该复合吸附剂对亲脂性较强的七氯具有较快的初始吸附速率、较大的平衡吸附量和较高的去除率.相同实验条件下,类脂-活性炭复合吸附剂对七氯和环氧七氯的吸附速率和去除效果均优于传统吸附材料活性炭.     

珠三角地区冬季大气中PCBs的空间分布

为了考察珠三角地区冬季大气中PCBs的空间分布,于2001年12月24日至2002年1月16日在广州的市区、郊区和背景区进行连续的空气样品采样.采用GC-MS-SIM模式进行PCBs分析.结果表明,空气中PCBs的总浓度按照距离市区从近到远的次序依次降低.市区PCBs平均浓度是郊区的1.61倍,是背景区的2.54倍.PCBs各单体化合物的浓度分布表现出明显的地区差异.低氯取代PCBs的市区浓度比郊区和背景区的浓度高出很多,而高氯取代PCBs的空间差异不明显.在不同氯数PCB浓度之和对PCBs总浓度的百分贡献率分布中,市区、郊区和背景区都表现为三氯和四氯取代PCBs的贡献最大,而且不同地区两者的贡献率之和非常接近.市区和郊区空气中三氯和四氯取代PCBs的贡献比较接近;而背景区空气中四氯取代PCBs的贡献高达52.79%,是三氯贡献的近2倍.郊区和背景区空气中五氯取代PCBs的平均贡献率分别是9.65%和10.87%.仅就颗粒相而言,其PCBs平均贡献率在市区、郊区和背景区表现出非常好的一致性.对市区、郊区和背景区空气中log Kp与log PLo进行回归分析,其斜率mr分别是-0.60、-0.42和-0.45,都明显地偏离空气中气/固分配的理想平衡状态.     

通用Web日志挖掘系统(CWLMS)设计实现

本文介绍了通用Web日志挖掘系统(CWLMS)的设计与实现。将网站的结构和日志文件格式定义引入Web日志挖掘预处理过程以提高预处理的通用性和准确性;在模式挖掘方面,集成了目前有效的最大向前路径挖掘算法和频繁遍历路径挖掘算法,并且将孤立点分析方法引入日志挖掘中。     

Selective removal of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from aqueous solution by triolein-embedded composite adsorbent

A novel composite adsorbent (CA-T) was used for the selective removal of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from aqueous solution. The adsorbent was composed of the supporting activated carbon and the surrounding triolein-embedded cellulose acetate membrane. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N₂ adsorption isotherms and fluorescence methods were used to characterize the physicochemical properties of CA-T. Triolein was perfectly embedded in the cellulose acetate membrane and deposited on the surface of activated carbon. The adsorbent was stable in water and no triolein leakage was detected during the test periods. Some organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), such as dieldrin, endrin, aldrin, and heptachlor epoxide, were used as model contaminants and removed by CA-T in laboratory batch experiments. The adsorption isotherm followed the Freundlich equation and the kinetic data fitted well to the pseudo-second-order reaction model. Results also indicated that CA-T appeared to be a promising adsorbent with good selectivity and satisfactory removal rate for lipophilic OCPs from aqueous solutions when present in trace amounts. The adsorption rate and removal efficiency for lipophilic OCPs were positively related to their octanol-water partition coefficients (log K _ow). Lower residual concentrations of OCPs were achieved when compared to granular activated carbon (GAC).