麦草及其烟尘中正构烷烃的组成

在明火和闷烧条件下对6种麦草进行焚烧试验,用GC/MS测定了秸秆和烟尘中正构烷烃的组成.结果表明,从麦秆和烟尘中检出的正构烷烃主要是C16~C33.麦秸中正构烷烃的总含量变化范围是19.6~62.3 mg·kg-1,平均值为36.0mg·kg-1.低碳数(碳数CPI)的变化区间是4.0~33.6,平均值为19.2;C17~C33正构烷烃的平均碳链长度(ACL)的波动区间是25.2~29.0,平均值为28.0.明火烟尘的CPI处于4.4~27.1之间,平均值为12.4;ACL值变化范围是27.6~29.4,平均值为28.8.闷烧烟尘的CPI值分布于5.5~29.6之间,平均为18.0;ACL值在28.0~29.5之间变动,其平均值为28.9.在麦秸与其烟尘之间,正构烷烃在化学组成上有明显的差别.这有助于识别大气颗粒物中麦草燃烧来源的此类污染物.     

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The aim of sustainable development is to balance social, economic, and environmental needs. In order to justify the decisions they make, stakeholders must quantify the different impacts found in the operations and developments of companies and/or projects throughout their life cycle. However, as some areas are subjective in nature, the quantification process of the different impacts and the assessment of sustainable development performance become arduous tasks of development, validation, and application of scientific and empirical methods with the intrinsic objective of finding an agreement among the involved parties (i.e., stakeholders). Several environmental and sustainability assessment tools, instruments, processes, and methodologies have been developed; rating systems stand out and have gained attention and credibility, as demonstrated by the vast number of certified projects around the world and the widely-known usefulness and advantages of their application. The Wa-Pa-Su project sustainability rating system presents an integrated approach to sustainability assessment by integrating three distinctive areas of knowledge: (1) sustainable development theory and fundamentals supports the ultimate goal of the rating system, which is to contribute to sustainability, with the aim of finding a path to balance social, economic, and environmental needs; (2) continual performance improvement becomes essential due to the duration of the projects, as it is critical to allow organizations or projects to improve performance over time; and (3) multi-criteria decision analysis assists with the assessment process through stakeholder engagement and participation, and the design and implementation of a criteria weighting system.     

CPI对我国旅游上市公司盈利能力的影响研究

基于2001-2010年CPI与15家旅游上市公司的财务数据,通过最小二乘回归模型和假设检验,分析了CPI变化对我国旅游上市公司盈利能力的影响,比较了CPI对景区类、酒店类、综合类旅游上市公司盈利能力影响的大小.结果发现,CPI对我国旅游上市公司盈利能力的影响是反向的和显著的；CPI对景区类、酒店类、综合类旅游上市公司盈利能力的影响存在差异；综合类高于景区类和酒店类,景区类高于酒店类.根据上述情况分析原因,提出相关建议.     

兰州市大气降尘中正构烷烃的分布特征及源解析

采集了2005年春季兰州市不同功能区大气降尘样品,采用气相色谱/质谱法测定样品中的正构烷烃。结果表明,降尘中正构烷烃主要有2种类型,一种是后峰型,以C29为主峰碳,大于C25正构烷烃具有明显的奇偶优势,碳优势指数(CPI)为1.25~1.40;另一种是双峰型,分别以C29,C20,C19,C15为主峰碳,在C25或C27后有明显的奇碳数优势,CPI为1.26~2.35。研究区内不同区域降尘中正构烷烃分布有明显的变化,相对清洁区正构烷烃分布为后峰型,主要来源于燃煤、高等植物的不完全燃烧。工业区、商业区、商业居民混合区正构烷烃分布属于双峰型,既有高等植物蜡的输入,也有汽车尾气、石油化工的输入,且人为源的贡献较大。     

锦州湾表层沉积物正构烷烃特征参数研究

研究了锦州湾沉积物中正构烷烃的含量、组成特征、特征比值及其来源.采集18个站位的表层沉积物样品,经正己烷/二氯甲烷（体积比1∶1）混合液索氏提取、净化浓缩后进行GC-MS分析.结果表明,正构烷烃含量（Σn-Alk）范围1.9～4.2μg.g-1,平均值2.6μg.g-1,各个站位组成特征相似,都表现为双峰型,显示了陆源与海源双重贡献特征.ΣC25～31贡献值为20%～32%,短/长链比值L/H均值为0.67,C31/C19均值3.06,类脂物比值TAR均值为2.02,3个参数显示锦州湾沉积物外来源陆源贡献值要大于海洋源,特别是2、3和7站位受到陆源河流输入影响较大.碳优势指数CPI范围1.19～2.63,均值1.73,接近于1;姥鲛烷和植烷比值Pr/Ph为0.91～1.28;样品中普遍存在不可分离化合物UCM,U/R比值为2.2～4.3,此3个参数显示出13和15站位有石油输入特征.多种特征参数比值综合分析表明该海域受到了陆源输入和石油烃污染的威胁,这可能与锦州湾地区河流排污、港口航运有关.     

南京市大气气溶胶中颗粒物和正构烷烃特征及来源分析

于2002年夏季（7月）和冬季（12月）采集南京市5个功能区的大气气溶胶（PM2．5和PM10）样品，对两个季节不同功能区颗粒物及其颗粒物中正构烷烃的分布特征和污染来源进行了分析。结果表明，南京市大气颗粒物含量冬季高于夏季，细颗粒高于粗颗粒。正构烷烃的变化规律同颗粒物一致，且主要分布在细颗粒物上。根据各个功能区正构烷烃（C15-C32）的CPI（CPI1、CPI2和CPI3）结果，可知南京市大气气溶胶中正构烷烃由生物源和人为源共同排放产生。％waxCn的结果表明生物源对气溶胶中正构烷烃的贡献率为20％～43％，对南京市大气颗粒物的贡献率为1．66％～4．76％。     

珠江三角洲气溶胶中正构烷烃分布规律、来源及其时空变化

珠江三角洲地区主要城市气溶胶中正构烷烃分布可分为３种类型，第一类为前峰型，主要来源于汽车尾气；第二类为后峰型，主要来源于植物蜡；第三类为双峰型，来源于植物蜡，燃料燃烧和尾气。     

稻草及其燃烧烟尘中正构烷烃的研究

利用气质联用仪测定了中国6种稻草及其明火和闷火燃烧烟尘中正构烷烃的含量.结果表明,稻草中正构烷烃的平均含量为73.0μg/g.碳数分布范围为C12~C37,呈以C29为主峰的单峰型分布.高碳数正构烷烃(>C23)具有明显的奇碳数优势,其平均碳优势指数是2.9.在明火焚烧和闷烧烟尘中正构烷烃的含量均值分别是 1633.1,5458.5μg/g.碳数分布范围为C14~C35,呈以C29或C31为主峰的单峰型分布.碳数在C27以上的正构烷烃具有明显的奇碳数优势,其平均碳优势指数分别是1.5和1.9.稻草烟尘中正构烷烃的组成与原秸秆存在显著的差别.     

The ambiguity of federalism in climate policy-making: how the political system in Austria hinders mitigation and facilitates adaptation

Although the impacts of federalism on environmental policy-making are still contested, many policy analysts emphasise its advantages in climate policy-making. This applies to the mitigation of climate change, in particular when federal governments (as in the U.S.) are inactive. More recently, federalism is also expected to empower sub-national actors in adapting to local impacts of climate change. The present paper analyses the role federalism in Austria played in greening the decentralised building sector (relevant for mitigation) on the one hand, and in improving regional flood risk management (relevant for adaptation) on the other. In line with the so-called matching school of the environmental federalism research strand we conclude that Austrian federalism proved to be more appropriate for regional flood protection than for mitigating climate change. We highlight that it is not federalism per se but federalism embedded in various contextual factors that shape environmental policy-making. Among these factors are the spatial scale of an environmental problem, the nitty-gritty of polity systems, and national politics (such as federal positions on climate change mitigation).     

北京PM2.5中有机酸的污染特征及来源

采用GC/MS定量分析了2003年9月至2004年7月期间北京市PM2.5中33种脂肪酸(C10～C32)和10种二元酸(diC2～diC11)的含量.研究表明,脂肪酸具有明显的偶数碳优势,4个季节中最丰富的脂肪酸物种都是棕榈酸和硬脂酸(C16、C18).脂肪酸总浓度年均值为493.89ng·m-3,变化范围1.68～2961.70 ng·m-3,季节变化特征不明显.二元酸以草酸(diC2)、丙二酸(diC3)为主,浓度年均值分别为548.13ng·m-3、530.1 ng·m-3;二元酸总浓度呈明显季节变化特征,夏季最高(1539.36 ng·m-3),冬季最低(908.12 ng·m-3).4个季节碳优先指数(CPI)无显著差别,分别是15.3(秋)、12.4(冬)、11.5(春)和13.4(夏);CPI值与植物蜡贡献脂肪酸值呈现出一定的负相关.主成分分析结果表明,油烟、高等植物排放和细菌活动是脂肪酸的主要污染源,二次化学反应转化是二元酸的主要来源.