国外绿豆种质资源农艺性状的遗传多样性分析

以来自15个国家和地区的352份绿豆种质资源为材料,评价其5个质量性状和10个数量性状的遗传变异水平。结果表明:除美国等5个不同地区的14份材料未正常开花结荚外,其余338份材料的农艺性状具丰富的遗传变异。其中质量性状中叶形和幼茎色的遗传多样性指数最高(0.69),数量性状中荚长(2.08)和百粒重(2.07)的最高。UPGMA聚类将338份参试材料分为6大类群,各类群有其独特的性状特征,其中第5类群早熟、矮秆、大粒,可为杂交育种亲本选配提供理想亲本。亚蔬(ARC-AVRDC)(泰国)、菲律宾、印度、印度尼西亚、韩国、美国和俄罗斯等7个不同地理区域材料间具有显著的遗传变异,其中俄罗斯的遗传多样性指数最高,韩国最低;印度尼西亚的生育期较短,主茎节数、单荚粒数、单株荚数和单株产量最高,属于早熟、大粒、高产的种质,可以为我国新品种的选育提供基础材料;UPGMA聚类可将这7个不同地理区域的材料划分为3类,其中印尼和韩国的材料各被划分为一类,其他5个国家聚为第Ⅲ类,群体间的性状表现与其地理来源有一定的关系。     

358个欧洲小麦品种的农艺性状鉴定与评价

本文研究了欧洲18个国家20世纪育成的代表性品种358个,简述了各国品种的特点,全部品种的生育期、株高、主穗粒数和千粒重等性状变异丰富。总体上,株高随育成年限逐年代降低的趋势明显;主穗粒数有随育成年代逐渐增加的趋势;生育期和千粒重与品种育成时间之间无明显相关。分析了株高和抽穗期对穗粒数和千粒重的影响,向育种家推荐了一批优良种质,并提供了部分品种的系谱。     

云南茶树地方品种农艺性状与品质性状遗传多样性分析

为发掘具有优异农艺性状与品质性状的茶树品种资源,对51份云南茶树地方品种进行农艺和品质性状遗传多样性分析。结果表明,云南茶树地方品种农艺和品质性状存在丰富的遗传变异,农艺性状变异系数平均为25.84%,多样性指数平均为1.94;生化成分变异系数平均为16.53%,多样性指数平均为1.88;茶叶感官审评红茶品质总分达87.5分～94.2分,绿茶品质总分达78.8分～91.5分,茶树品种红、绿茶适制性的多样性指数平均为0.92和0.94;聚类分析将供试材料分为3类：第Ⅰ类品种主要适合制作红茶,第Ⅱ类品种主要适合制作绿茶,第Ⅲ类为生化成分特异性品种。并从中筛选出18份优异品种资源,为今后的生产和育种提供利用。     

甘蓝型油菜若干农艺性状与单株产量的关系分析

以38个甘蓝型油菜品种为材料,对单株产量、有效分枝部位高度、主轴花序长度等11个农艺性状进行了方差分析、通径分析和聚类分析．结果显示:所有调查性状在品种间存在显著的差异;主花序长度、主序有效角果数与单株产量都有显著的遗传相关性,两者都通过有效分枝部位高度对单株产量产生较大的正向间接作用;有效分枝部位高度对单株产量的影响也较显著,高产品种具有相对较高的有效分枝部位高度;总角果数对单株产量的直接遗传通径系数虽小,但它具有最大的直接表型通径系数,它通过主序有效角果数和有效分枝数对单株产量产生了两个较大的间接作用;要获得3130kg/hm~2的产量,重点应具备果多、枝多的特征,总角果数不少于657个,有效分枝数不少于18个．     

原、异位保存东乡野生稻主要农艺性状的比较研究

为了解原、异位保存东乡野生稻主要农艺性状的变化,对庵家山普通野生稻原、异位群体进行了考察和比较分析。结果表明,原、异位保存的东乡野生稻在每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数、结实率等方面存在较大的差异,如异位保存的东乡野生稻每穗总粒数平均为58.28粒,比原位多11.44粒,但其每穗实粒数却较少,为9.89粒,结实率降低了45.43%。从种植环境可以发现,异位保存圃的环境不适宜东乡野生稻的生长,应该选择与原生境相类似的种植环境,以便于东乡野生稻的保存、研究与利用。     

QTL analysis of agronomic traits in barley based on the doubled haploid progeny of two elite North American varieties representing different germplasm groups

A better understanding of the genetics of complex traits, such as yield, may be achieved by using molecular tools. This study was conducted to estimate the number, genome location, effect and allele phase of QTLs determining agronomic traits in the two North American malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) quality variety standards. Using a doubled haploid population of 140 lines from the cross of two-rowed Harrington×six-rowed Morex, agronomic phenotypic data sets from nine environments, and a 107-marker linkage map, we performed QTL analyses using simple interval mapping and simplified composite interval mapping procedures. Thirty-five QTLs were associated, either across environments or in individual environments, with five grain and agronomic traits (yield, kernel plumpness, test weight, heading date, and plant height). Significant QTL×environment interaction was detected for all traits. These interactions resulted from both changes in the magnitude of response and changes in the sign of the allelic effect. QTLs for multiple traits were coincident. The vrs1 locus on chromosome 2 (2H), which determines inflorescence row type, was coincident with the largest-effect QTL determining four traits (yield, kernel plumpness, test weight, and plant height). QTL analyses were also conducted separately for each sub-population (six-rowed and two-rowed). Seven new QTLs were detected in the sub-populations. Positive transgressive segregants were found for all traits, but they were more prevalent in the six-rowed sub-population.QTL analysis should be useful for identifying candidate genes and introgressing favorable alleles between germplasm groups. Received: 18 August 2000 / Accepted: 15 December 2000     

Hybridisation between Brassica napus L. and Raphanus raphanistrum L. under agronomic field conditions

The frequency of hybridisation between Brassica napus L. and Raphanus raphanistrum L. under agronomic conditions was assessed in field experiments, where R. raphanistrum were randomly planted at two different densities into large plots of B. napus. An acetolacate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicide-resistant trait was used to detect potential hybrid individuals. No hybrids were detected amongst 25,000 seedlings grown from seed collected from R. raphanistrum plants. Two hybrids were obtained from more than 52-million B. napus seedlings. Both hybrids were characterised as amphidiploids (AACCRrRr, 2n = 56) and were fertile. The frequency of hybridisation into B. napus in this experiment using male-fertile B. napus was 4 × 10^–8. Received: 31 August 2000 / Accepted: 23 January 2001     

培矮64S/爪哇稻F1农艺性状表现和对照优势分析

本文报道了利用原始爪哇稻资源与光温敏雄性不育系培矮64S配制的27个籼爪交组合在长沙的农艺性状和杂种优势表现.从总体上来看,籼爪交组合与对照相比在每穗实粒数和理论产量上无显著差异,在其它性状上均有极显著的差异;籼爪交组合在秆高、穗长、每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数和千粒重方面有正向对照优势,在播始历期、有效分蘖数、结实率、理论产量和实际产量上存在负向对照优势.从个体上来看,籼爪交组合理论产量对照优势＞40%的比例为11.1%.实际产量对照优势＞40%的机率为3.7%,说明爪哇稻资源在籼爪交杂种优势利用中具有利用价值.本文还对爪哇稻资源在籼爪杂种优势利用中的一些问题进行了讨论.     

香菇正反双单杂交后代的遗传分析*

选用香菇的杂交菌株农１与野生株Ｑ进行正反双单杂交,得到６个杂交后代。结果表 明：３个正交菌株与３个反交菌株在酯酶同工酶与ＤＮＡ水平上具有极高的相似性,而对杀菌 剂和温度的敏感性显示了明显的遗传差异,且农艺性状遗传差异也十分显著。正反杂交菌株在 核基因相同情况下的遗传差异应主要归于细胞质差异。本研究表明,香菇双单杂交后代是同质 异核体。     

9个小麦品种(系)比较试验中的主要农艺性状

目的:通过对9个小麦品种(系)的比较试验中的主要农艺性状统计分析,筛选出比较适宜现阶段在贵阳地区乃至贵州省栽培的高产优质小麦品种(系)。方法:9个小麦品种(系)在试验地里随机区组排列,3次重复,记录小麦的全生育期,出苗数,田间生育期,株高,有效分蘖数,每株干重,穗长,穗粒重等,并在Excell上进行统计分析。结果:全生育期在200天左右,出苗数有3个超过100万/ha,最低只有44．8万/ha,株高在50 cm以上的有6个品种(系),3个在40 cm-50 cm之间,有效分蘖数400万/ha以上的有3个,最低的是199．1万/ha,每株干重最高是8．5 g,最低是5．7 g,穗长整齐度除98-22外都优于对照,经LSR法测验表明,贵农15,黔98353,黔麦15分别与夏繁29,98-28,贵单5号,黔98284-82,黔0110都达到差异显著水平,贵农15,黔98353,黔麦15分别与98-22达到差异极显著水平,其余的差异皆不明显。结论:可以初步得出贵农15,黔98353,黔麦15目前可以作为在贵阳地区推广种植的较优品种(系)。