Pheromone-based communication disruption ofAdoxophyes orana on peach using the new RAK 3+4 dispensers and their effect on development of fruit rot diseases

The effectiveness of the pheromone-based communication disruption method was examined against the summerfruit tortrix,Adoxophyes orana F.v.R. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a pest of peach trees, using the new RAK 3+4 dispenser (BASF). NoA. orana males were captured in pheromone traps inside the experimental orchards, which were saturated with the RAK 3+4 dispensers. The percent of damaged leaves was practically zero, while the level of damaged fruits was 0–6% in pheromone-treated orchards. The percentage of fruit rot caused byMonilinia laxa was lower in pheromone-based communication disruption orchards than in the control. It was concluded that the RAK 3+4 dispenser could be used againstA. orana as an economical and environmentally friendly method.     

Variation in virulence of Greek isolates ofPhytophthora citrophthora as measured by their ability to cause crown rot on three peach rootstocks

The virulence ofPhytophthora citrophthora isolated from various host-plants on three peach rootstocks (GF677, PR204, KID I) was examined. There was no significant difference among the rootstocks with respect to their susceptibility to testedP. citrophthora isolates. The most virulent isolate originated from sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus); isolates from pistachio trees (Pistacia vera) also showed high virulence but were significantly less virulent than the sycamore isolate. Isolates originating from plum (Prunus domestica), almond (Prunus amygdalus) and lemon (Citrus limon) trees were moderately virulent on peach rootstocks; those from cyclamen (Cyclamen persicum) showed the lowest virulence of those tested. There was thus great variation in virulence among the testedP. citrophthora isolates. It is possible that the isolates ofP. citrophthora from sycamore, pistachio, plum, almond and lemon trees are a threat to peach trees, whereas the low virulence of the isolates from cyclamen hosts suggests that these pathogens are not a serious threat to peach trees. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Jan. 3, 2002.     

鲁西南地区果树需冷量的研究

2000～2001年,采用Utah加权模型,先后对鲁西南地区常见的葡萄、桃和油桃、杏品种的需冷量进行了研究。结果表明:不同树种、品种的需冷量差异显著。葡萄的需冷量最高,为1010～1840c.u。桃和油桃最低,花芽为620～910c.u,叶芽为500～890c.u。杏介于二者之间,花芽和叶芽均为790～910c.u。各树种、品种的需冷量年际间均有差异。葡葡、杏不同品种需冷量的高低与本品种果实成熟期早晚的关系表现为成熟期早,需冷量低;成熟期晚,需冷量高。但桃树不同品种的需冷量高低与本品种的果实成熟期无明显相关关系,果实成熟期早,但需冷量较高的情况普遍存在。同一品种其花芽、叶芽的需冷量不一,基本趋势是花芽的需冷量高于叶芽。     

肥城桃组培苗诱导、基因转化及其增殖

红里、白里是肥城桃的两个优良品种,但不耐贮藏。为试图利用基因工程解决这一问题,先通过组培将其胚、胚乳、子叶的愈伤组织分别诱导再生植株和芽剥离出茎尖培育成苗。再将肥城桃反义PG基因,通过农杆菌介导转化组培苗,转化苗在含卡那霉素培养基上筛选,获得抗卡那霉素的转基因苗。用研制的增殖培养基培养4～7周,一个苗可生长出14～18分枝的苗,解决了转基因苗获得率低的问题,也满足了对转基因株系进行检测和从组培室到温棚到田间果园过渡栽培和芽接的需求,提高了繁育速率。     

桃若干重要特异性状的遗传趋向分析

为了明确桃树菊花花形、窄叶形、白化与黄化叶色及盘龙形与垂枝形树形等6个性状的遗传特性,以‘粉菊花桃’ב红根甘肃桃1号’、‘红花重瓣垂枝桃’(简称‘红垂枝’)ב粉菊花桃’、‘S9’ב粉菊花桃’、‘粉菊花桃’ב瑞光2号’、‘红珊瑚’×(‘粉菊花桃’ב瑞光2号’)为组合配制F_1和F_2代,研究菊花花形、叶片白化及垂枝树形的遗传特性;以‘98-4-32’ב金蜜狭叶桃’、‘99-7-14’ב金蜜狭叶桃’及‘99-7-15’ב金蜜狭叶桃’为组合配制F_1和F_2代,研究窄叶形遗传趋向;以‘北京2-7’ב白花山碧桃’为组合配制F_1和F_2代,研究叶片黄化遗传特点;以‘红垂枝’ב帚形山桃’及‘96-7-56’ב帚形山桃’为组合配制F_1和F_2代,研究盘龙形树形的遗传。结果表明:在蔷薇花形与菊花花形组合中,"蔷薇形/菊花形"表现出2对等位基因(Ch/ch及Ch_2/ch_2)控制的遗传特性,且蔷薇形对菊花形为显性;在铃形花形与菊花花形组合中,F_1代蔷薇形表现为二者的中间类型。在‘98-4-32’ב金蜜狭叶桃’及‘99-7-14’ב金蜜狭叶桃’组合中,"宽叶/窄叶"表现出2对等位基因(Nl/nl及Nl_2/nl_2)控制的遗传特性,且宽叶对窄叶为显性;在‘99-7-15’ב金蜜狭叶桃’组合中,"宽叶/窄叶"表现出1对等位基因控制的遗传特性。叶片"正常/白化"表现出1对等位基因(Wl/wl)控制的遗传特性,且正常对白化为显性,白化基因可能来自‘粉菊花桃’;叶片"正常/黄化"表现出2对等位基因(Yl/yl及Yl_2/yl_2)控制的遗传特性,其中1对为显性时对另一对具有抑制作用,黄化基因可能来自‘白花山碧桃’。直立树形同时表现为盘龙形与垂枝形及盘龙形与开张形的中间类型;"开张形/垂枝形"表现出1对等位基因(We/we)控制的遗传特性,且开张对垂枝为显性。结论:菊花花形由2对隐性基因(chchch_2ch_2)控制;窄叶形可能由2对隐性基因(nlnlnl_2nl_2)控制;叶片白化由1对隐性基因(wlwl)控制;叶片黄化可能由2对等位基因(Yl_yl_2yl_2或Yl_2_ylyl)控制;仅盘龙形与直立形由1对等位基因(Br_2/br_2)控制,其中盘龙形基因型为br_2br_2;垂枝形由1对隐性基因(wewe)控制。     

钙处理桃果肉钙离子的分布及其与果实品质形成的关系

为探讨钙元素对桃果实品质、耐贮藏性的影响,确定最佳的叶面喷施钙元素的浓度,研究了喷施钙后,桃果肉组织中钙元素的分布特征、叶片叶绿素的含量以及对果实可溶性固形物含量(SSC)、大小、硬度和耐贮藏性的影响。结果表明,果肉中Ca2 的含量随着喷施钙元素浓度的提高而增加,当喷施CaCl2浓度为0.5%时叶绿素的含量最大,当喷施CaCl2浓度为1%时,SSC、果实大小和果肉硬度达到最大值；当喷施CaCl2浓度为2%时,放置3天后果实硬度最大。本研究确立了最佳的喷施浓度,为深入研究果实钙离子浓度梯度在果实品质形成方面的作用提供了依据。     

桃硬度与果实部分性状的相关性研究

以16个桃品种为试材,研究不同品种桃果实硬度与其果实性状之间的关系。结果表明,桃果实的果肉硬度与Vc含量呈极显著相关性,相关系数为0.72;桃果实果皮硬度与Vc含量呈显著相关性,相关系数为0.52;桃果实果肉硬度与可溶性果胶含量呈显著相关性,相关系数为0.58;不同品种桃果实的Vc含量与可溶性果胶含量呈显著相关性,相关系数为0.58。     

Identification and expression analysis of 11 MADS-box genes in peach (Prunus persica var. nectarina ‘Luxing’)

MADS-box genes play a central role in the development of flowers in plants. In this study, 11 PpMADSs were isolated from ‘Luxing’ peach, and the expression levels were detected in different tissues and fruit development. Eleven PpMADSs, designated as PpMADS13, 14, 18, 23, 24, 25, 32, 33, 34, 35, and 39 were isolated. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PpMADS13, 14, and 18 belonged to SVP, AGL15, and MIKC* group respectively; PpMADS23, 24, 25, and 39 were in the Mα group; PpMADS32, 33, 34, and 35 belonged to the Mγ group. Predictions from subcellular localization showed that 10 PpMADS were located in the nucleus. RT-PCR revealed that PpMADS13 was expressed in stems, leaves, and during fruit development (70d); PpMADS14 was expressed in sepals, stamens, petals, and during flower development; PpMADS18 was expressed in roots, stems, leaves, sepals, ovaries, stamens, petals, and during flower and fruit development; all MADS-box genes (expect for PpMADS33) in the Mα and Mγ group were expressed in roots, stems, leaves, sepals, ovaries, stamens, petals, and during flower development; few genes were expressed during fruit development. These results indicated that PpMADS may play a crucial regulatory role in vegetative growth and development processes of flowers and fruits in peaches.     

不同品种桃果冷链物流特性差异性研究

为了探讨不同品种桃果冷链物流特性的差异化问题,从而为其贮运技术的优化提供参考依据,分别以采自山东省蒙阴县岱崮镇的‘仓方早生’、‘春美’、‘中油4号’和‘锦香’黄桃果实为试材,对不同品种桃果实在长途(山东蒙阴至新加坡)冷链物流期间的预冷特性、蓄冷特性、货架期及其品质的变化情况进行了观察,并对其果心温度在冷链物流期间的变化情况进行了全程跟踪检测。结果表明:在整个冷链物流期间,‘中油4号’和‘春美’的果心温度一直低于其余2个品种,说明其均有较好的预冷和蓄冷性能;在山东冷库温度设为0℃、预冷40 h的条件下,不同品种桃果果心温度方能降低至2.5~3.0℃,说明产区桃果贮运企业的冷库制冷能力还有待提高,或需配置专门的预冷设备和优化预冷技术;货架期第2天(到达目的地后),4个品种桃果果肉组织的硬度均在2 kg·cm-2以上;其中‘仓方早生’和‘锦香’果实中可溶性固形物的含量略高于10%,其余品种的均为8%~9%,说明产地采收果实的品质有待提高;不同品种对冷害的敏感性存在一定的差异性。文中综合分析认为:‘中油4号’的贮运品质较好,其预冷和蓄冷性能均佳,其果实外观和肉质均好,且汁液多,味较甜;而其他品种桃果运至目的地后均发生了不同程度的冷害现象。据此,文末提出了采取终端冷链措施以避免冷害发生的建议。     

122份栽培桃品种（系）黄白肉性状的分子标记辅助鉴定

【目的】 类胡萝卜素裂解双脱氧酶基因（Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenases 4,CCD4）控制桃果肉颜色（白/黄）,CCD4存在3种等位基因。本研究利用Indel、SSR荧光标记毛细管电泳及SNP鉴定等基因分型技术分析我国主要桃黄白肉品种（系）中CCD4等位基因的差异,为主要黄/白肉品种（系）的基因型鉴定、亲本选配和选择相应的分子标记对不同来源子代的果肉颜色进行鉴定奠定基础。【方法】利用已经报道的桃不同果肉颜色中CCD4等位基因3种突变类型,合成不同引物进行PCR扩增,LTR反转录转座子插入突变经1%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测,CT单元重复的PCR产物在ABI3730XL测序仪上进行SSR荧光标记毛细管电泳检测,SNP标记经Sanger测序后利用ContigExpress软件分析CCD4等位基因的碱基替换（A→T）。综合以上结果,统计每份材料中CCD4等位基因的突变类型与果肉颜色的一致性。【结果】通过对不同来源的122份桃品种（系）材料进行基因型分析,发现CCD4发生LTR反转录转座子插入突变材料的基因型共有31份,占总材料的25.4%,其中纯合插入突变材料的片段扩增长度为729 bp,共有8份,占总突变的25.8%;CCD4发生微卫星重复序列突变材料存在2 bp的插入,扩增片段长度为179 bp,该类型共有68份,占总材料的55.7%,其中纯合插入材料25份,占总突变的36.8%;CCD4发生A→T碱基替换突变的材料较少,仅有1份,占总材料的0.82%,实际应用中可以不考虑该种类型。CT和LTR插入的两种突变类型的黄肉品种（系）有7份,占总材料的5.7%。研究结果表明,LTR反转录转座子插入突变和微卫星序列重复突变是黄肉桃中CCD4等位基因的主要突变类型。其中CCD4发生一种纯合突变或两种杂合突变桃品种（系）为黄肉类型,分子标记鉴定结果与调查的122份桃品种（系）黄白肉表型性状完全一致,准确率为100%。【结论】采用分子标记明确了122个桃品种（系）黄/白肉性状的基因型,为不同亲本组合子代表型鉴定的标记类型选择提供了技术支撑,为建立桃种质材料黄/白性状的分子辅助育种体系和黄肉桃的选育奠定了基础。