南洋楹无性系抗寒性研究

【目的】南洋楹属典型热带树种,抗寒性较差,严重制约其推广应用。开展南洋楹无性系抗寒性评价,对于提高其造林成效、拓广其栽培区域具有重要意义。【方法】以生长较好的9个南洋楹无性系组培苗为研究对象,通过系列低温处理,观测幼苗叶片形态变化,分析测定叶片相对电导率(REC)、脯氨酸(PRO)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性,揭示南洋楹无性系在低温胁迫下的生理响应,并进行无性系抗寒性评价。【结果】在2℃时,所有无性系均出现不同程度落叶;0℃时所有无性系均出现顶芽死亡,其抗寒性差异主要表现在0~2℃温度区间;9个无性系的REC随温度降低呈单调上升和先上升后下降再上升的2种变化趁势,属于后者的无性系抗寒性更强,0℃下S5、S7的REC最低;PRO含量随温度降低整体上呈现递增趁势,TL18、S7、S5、A8的PRO含量增幅最大,均在1倍以上;SOD活性在同一温度下无性系之间差异显著,但随温度降低无明显变化规律。应用REC进行聚类分析,将9个无性系分为3类,S7、S5、TL18抗寒性最强,A8抗寒性最差,其它6个无性系抗寒性居中。【结论】建议生产上推广S7、S5和TL18无性系。     

超重力处理对大白菜生理生化特性影响的研究

以新丰抗90白菜种子为试验材料,在1 000×g、2 000×g、4 000×g 3种不同超重力的条件下分别处理20、40、60 min后,幼苗期采取叶片测定其游离脯氨酸含量、过氧化物酶活性、超氧化物歧化酶活性。结果显示,2 000×g,40 min处理游离普氨酸含量最低;4 000×g,60 min处理游离脯氨酸含量最高,与对照相比,所有处理均抑制游离普氨酸的形成。1 000×g,20 min处理后的POD活性最高;2 000×g,60 min处理后的POD活性最低,但高于对照,超重力处理能显著提高POD活性。1 000×g,40 min处理SOD活性最高,4 000×g,60 min处理SOD活性最低,适宜的超重力处理有利于提高SOD活性。     

有机态和无机态硼对柑橘枳橙砧木生长及生理的影响

以柑橘枳橙[Citrus siinensis(L.)Osb.×Poncirus trifoliata(L.)Raf.]砧木为试验材料,采用水培方式,研究有机态山梨醇—硼和无机态硼酸对其生长及各种生理指标的影响。两种形态硼都能增加砧木幼苗各部位的干、鲜质量和株高;有机态山梨醇—硼对地下部生长的促进作用尤为明显。有机态山梨醇—硼比无机态硼酸更易于向叶片等地上部位转运,有机态山梨醇—硼处理根和茎中的硼含量与无机态硼酸处理没有显著差异,但叶片中的硼含量与硼积累量均显著高于无机态硼酸处理,叶片占总硼含量的比例也显著高于无机态硼酸处理。有机态山梨醇—硼处理各部位钾、钙、镁元素含量高于对照,而无机态硼酸处理各部位元素含量则比有机态山梨醇—硼处理高。缺硼易导致叶片中糖类物质的积累,有机态山梨醇—硼比无机态硼酸能更有效地促进叶片中多糖物质的转运,有机态山梨醇—硼处理可溶性糖含量比对照和无机态硼酸处理分别降低26.3%和11.8%,淀粉含量分别降低43.5%和26.1%。在提高枳橙砧木叶片抗逆能力方面,有机态山梨醇—硼效果优于无机态硼酸,两种硼类型处理叶片中脯氨酸和伤害率均显著低于对照,有机态山梨醇—硼和无机态硼酸分别降低了20.6%和19.6%,有机态山梨醇—硼和无机态硼酸处理伤害率降低了13.3%和16.5%,有机态山梨醇—硼处理叶片中丙二醛含量显著低于无机态硼酸处理19.4%。有机态硼对改善枳橙砧木根系的生长发育的作用效果优于无机态硼酸;能有效降低叶片中碳水化合物的含量,有利于光合作用产物顺利转移;而在减少叶片有害物质的积累、保护质膜方面,有机态与无机态硼有同样的效果。     

烯效唑(S3307)对湖南稷子整株水平Na+、K+选择性和游离脯氨酸分配的影响

采用盆栽试验,观察测定了烯效唑(S3307)对湖南稷子抗盐性及整株水平Na 、K 选择性和游离脯氨酸分配的影响。结果表明,喷施S3307能显著提高湖南稷子根系的Na 、K 选择性吸收能力;由叶鞘向叶片、特别是由根系向叶鞘的选择性运输能力大大提高,因而进入植物体内的Na 减少、K 增多,尤以重要光合器官表现突出。但S3307处理后,湖南稷子重要光合器官中游离脯氨酸含量并未升高。     

6-苄氨基嘌呤(BA)和脱落酸(ABA)对大麦Na+、K+选择性和游离脯氨酸分配的调节

用6-苄氨基嘌呤(BA)和脱落酸(ABA)配合400 mmol/L NaCl定位涂抹盆栽C3植物大麦的穗和上位叶片,分析了植物体激素水平的局部改变对叶片盐胁迫下整株水平上Na 、K 和游离脯氨酸分配的调节作用。结果表明,用BA或ABA处理上位叶片或穗后,有效地缓解了盐胁迫对大麦生长的抑制。大麦根和冠中的Na 含量均有增加的趋势,冠中Na 含量增加幅度更大;冠中的Na 主要是从叶片向叶鞘、茎和穗中运输积累,穗中Na 的积累最显著。各处理下大麦根和冠中K 的含量变化很小,但上位叶鞘中K 的含量也有所增加。用BA和ABA均有利于增强盐胁迫下游离脯氨酸向大麦穗中的运输积累,其中BA能有效提高冠层中的游离脯氨酸含量,表明穗中Na 、K 和脯氨酸的分布格局不仅受自身激素平衡的调节,而且也受植株其他部位激素水平的调节。     

Calcium silicate slag reduces drought stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Silicon has been reported to reduce drought stress on many crops, but limited studies have evaluated this effect with rice using calcium silicate slag from the phosphorus fertilizer industry as a source of Si. A greenhouse study was performed to address this issue. Four slag rates (0, 1,000, 2,000 and 4,000 mg/kg) and two application methods (surface application and incorporation) were evaluated under two moisture regimes (flood and 50% field capacity) for drought stress mitigation in a mineral soil that is typical for rice production. Slag application significantly elevated plant‐available Si in the soil and Si accumulation in plant tissues, and tended to improve rice shoot and root biomass relative to the untreated control under both flooding and drought stress. Increased carbon isotope discrimination (△¹³C) and decreased proline in rice leaves subjected to drought stress indicate that this slag may reduce drought stress in rice, which was supported by restoration of foliage density, transpiration, photosynthesis rate and sugar accumulation to at or near flooded levels following the highest slag application. This study supports the usage of calcium silicate slag in rice production as it could improve Si availability and reduce drought stress.     

Research Progress on Effects of Proline on Reproductive Performance of Sows

Proline is a cyclic α-imino acids,meanwhile it also can be considered as a functional amino acid for mammals and plays an important role in protein synthesis,organism metabolism,wound healing,anti-oxidant and immune reactions. The studys have found that extra dietary supplementation of moderated proline has great significance in improving the growth and development of conceptus,piglets, embryo,mammary gland and placenta of sows,at the same time it also can prevent intrauterine growth restriction. The author reviewed structure characters and physicochemical properties,anabolism and catabolism of proline,and especially focused on its effects on the reproductive performance of pregnancy sows and potential regulation mechanism aiming to provide some help for the researchers in the field of sows.     

Na+ Retention in the Root is a Key Adaptive Mechanism to Low and High Salinity in the Glycophyte,Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn. (Portulacaceae)

Talinum paniculatum is an important leafy vegetable and medicinal plant, used in many parts of South America, Africa and Asia. Its adaptation to abiotic stress has received little attention and therefore worthy of interest, especially as environmental conditions are rendering arable lands increasingly unfavourable for agriculture. Therefore, this study was undertaken to examine the influence of salt stress on the vegetative growth of the plant by subjecting seedlings to 0, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 300 mm NaCl stress for 10 days. The dry weight, ion concentrations, relative water content, oxidative damage, proline, osmotic potential and some antioxidants were determined. The plants were found to retain Na⁺ mainly in the root, with less affected leaf K⁺ concentration, and consequently very low shoot Na⁺/K⁺ ratios (<0.2) under all the stress treatments. The proline content significantly increased under the 100–300 mm treatments (18‐ to 244‐fold), with a corresponding significant reduction in osmotic potential and hence high osmotic adjustment. The antioxidant enzyme activities and non‐enzyme antioxidants showed significant increase only under the highest salinity. Taken together, these results suggest that shoot Na⁺ exclusion is characteristic of this plant and is mainly responsible for its adaptation to low salinity.     

Evaluation of proline analysis and chlorophyll fluorescence quenching measurements as drought tolerance indicators in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum)

Summary The possibility of using proline accumulation and fluorescence inhibition as predictive tests for drought tolerance in durum wheat has been investigated. The drought susceptibility of 25 genotypes was evaluated by comparing yields and yield components in irrigated and non irrigated conditions in the field. A drought susceptibility index (DSI) was calculated based on yields from irrigated and dry treatments and compared with the results obtained using the two physiological criteria. Proline accumulation and chlorophyll fluorescence inhibition were found to be significantly and negatively correlated with DSI of grain yield, biological yield, and thousand kernel weight, and tiller index. The use of both criteria for breeding durum wheat in Mediterranean dryland is discussed.