Detection of cigarettes and other tobacco products by giant African pouched rats (Cricetomys gambianus)

If the illicit tobacco trade were eliminated, governments could gain at least $31.3 billion a year, and more than 164,000 premature deaths a year could be avoided after 2030 (Joossens, Merriman, Ross, and Raw, 2009). Dogs have been used successfully in tobacco control programs, and there is a good chance that rats could also play an important role. In the present experiment, giant African pouched rats were trained to respond to filters that had been stored together with cigarettes (i.e., soaked) and to not respond to filters that had been soaked with noncigarette items. Generalization to untrained types of tobacco was then tested. The sensitivity of 4 rats trained on filters soaked with 1 of 7 types of cigarettes ranged from 86% to 100% (mean, 95%). There was very little evidence of generalization when the rats were tested on tobacco leaves and snuff but good evidence of generalization when the rats were tested on cigarettes that had been soaked with strong-smelling additives. These findings suggest that rats may be a valuable asset in the global effort to control illicit cigarette trade.     

北京农产品地理标志认知的实证分析

基于消费者对北京农产品地理标志认知情况的实际调查,分析消费者对北京农产品地理标志的认知现状及原因。研究表明,北京农产品地理标志存在认知相对较低、宣传力度不够和品质独特性较低等问题,提出提升北京农产品地理标志认知水平的政策建议。     

微生物活性指标: 重金属污染下的土壤质量敏感指标

Physicochemical properties, total and DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid)-extractable Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd contents, microbial biomass carbon (C) content and the organic C mineralization rate of the soils in a long-term trace metal-contaminated paddy region of Guangdong, China were determined to assess the sensitivity of microbial indices to moderately metal-contaminated paddy soils. The mean contents of total Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd were 251, 250, 171, and 2.4 mg kg^-1 respectively. DTPA-extractablc metals were correlated positively and significantly with total metals, CEC, and organic C (except for DTPA-extractable Cd), while they were negatively and highly significantly correlated with pH, total Fe and Mn. Metal stress resulted in relatively low ratios of microbial biomass C to organic C and in remarkable inhibition of the microbial metabolic quotient and C minera]ization rate, which eventually led to increases in soil organic C and C/N. Moreover, microbial respiratory activity showed a stronger correlation to DTPA-extractable metals than to total metal content. Likewise, in the acid paddy soils some "linked" microbial activity indices, such as metabolic quotient and ratios of basal respiration to organic C, especially during initial incubation, were found to be more sensitive indicators of soil trace metal contamination than microbial biomass C or basal respiration alone.     

我国水生蔬菜地理标志产品资源及其保护利用

在介绍我国水生蔬菜地理标志产品保护利用现状的基础上,对如何进一步搞好我国水生蔬菜地理标志产品的保护与利用提出了建议,并就地理标志保护产品的申报与保护方面存在的异名保护、地理标志与栽培品种同名、多途径申报与保护体制等问题进行了讨论。     

Landscape labelling: A concept for next-generation payment for ecosystem service schemes

Current payment for environmental service (PES) schemes face challenges in the form of evaluation of opportunity costs and ecosystem service delivery, high transaction costs, and difficulties in ensuring conditionality. Even when these conditions are met, PES may be undermined by a lack of inclusivity, leading to societal conflicts over land use. We propose a new PES-type approach that we call Landscape Labelling that seeks to overcome these problems by combining PES and product certification principles applied at a landscape scale with local benefits realized at the community level.     

我国地理标志保护问题探析

加强地理标志保护和管理,是我国实施品牌战略,促进农村经济发展和农民增收面临的新课题。文章分析了地理标志保护制度兴起的国际背景和原因,并从认识、立法和管理层面对我国地理标志保护中存在的问题进行了探讨,提出了加强政府监管、提高生产者保护意识、建立产业内部自我组织和协调机制等对策建议。     

蛋鸡血清硷性磷酸酶变化规律的研究

本试验以京白Ⅲ系为试验材料,测定了四个时期的血清AL P活性,研究了其变化规律。结果表明,AL P同工酶型快型酶活性显著高于慢型。年龄、同工酶型及年龄×同工酶型互作对AL P活性有显著影响。AL P活性与产蛋量间遗传相关表现为,在生长期为正,而产蛋期为负。四个年龄中,AL P做为间接选择指标,以6周龄为最佳.     

论保护和发展地理标志产品的积极效应

国家地理标志具有原产地、质量、商业信誉、特色等指示功能。地理标志产品的有效保护利用,可以带来自然及人文资源开发、农业产业集群、品牌特色塑造、促进区域发展和国际竞争等积极效应。     

咸宁市桂花资源地理标志知识产权现状及对策

介绍了我国地理标志保护概况及桂花资源的地理标志知识产权保护概况,分析了咸宁市桂花资源的优势,并从地理标志特征、地理标志保护、非物质文化遗产等方面,探讨咸宁县桂花及其相关特产的地理标志保护对策。     

百合资源地理标志权与植物新品种权保护

介绍我国百合资源的地理标志与植物新品种权保护现状,探讨其发展对策,并提出以下建议:登记百合农产品地理标志;实现地理标志权与新品种权的双重保护;鼓励保护范围内更多企业使用地理标志专用标志;建立地理标志百合的国家质量标准,提高质量标准化;统一地理标志保护范围内百合品牌;开发地理标志百合的旅游资源,发展观光农业;加强隆回龙牙百合、龙山百合、漫水河百合的扶贫开发。