有机基质臭氧消毒设备设计与试验

为实现有机基质的绿色、高效消毒,设计了有机基质臭氧消毒设备。基于离散元软件EDEM建立了有机基质颗粒模型,根据有机质物料输送及抛撒动力学特性与臭氧消毒工艺流程,利用Solid Works软件构建了有机基质臭氧消毒设备结构模型,并对两种模型进行接触参数标定。以有机基质倾尽角为评价指标,以抄板弯折角、转筒转速、填充率为试验因素,进行了三因素五水平正交旋转组合仿真试验。根据仿真结果,利用Design-Expert软件回归分析法建立倾尽角回归数学模型,对有机基质臭氧消毒设备模型中的抄板弯折角、转筒转速、填充率进行了参数优化与试验验证。结果表明,在各因素取值范围内,抄板弯折角对有机基质倾尽角影响极显著,转筒转速对倾尽角影响显著,填充率对倾尽角影响不显著;有机基质臭氧消毒装置最优作业参数组合为:抄板弯折角124.23°、转筒转速6.29 r/min,此时物料倾尽角仿真值为89.3°。臭氧消毒灭菌性能试验验证结果为:臭氧初始质量浓度64.2 mg/m~3,消毒60 min后,细菌灭菌率88.9%,真菌灭菌率97.9%,能够满足有机基质消毒生产要求。     

三七土壤水蒸气消毒针结构设计与试验

针对连作障碍严重制约三七种植可持续发展的问题,设计一种针式水蒸气输出装置,对消毒针的结构参数进行优化,并通过土槽试验进行验证。通过Fluent软件对消毒针内部进行仿真,结果表明,消毒针出口流速、压力增大,出口温度无明显变化。土壤热传导试验表明,在5 min内即可将土壤加热到90℃,土壤加热基本规律为下层土壤加热效率较低、上层土壤加热效率高。为了探究消毒针不同结构参数对土壤升温效果的影响,选取单侧孔口数量、孔口直径和水蒸气出射角作为试验因素,选取土壤升温到90℃所需时间作为试验指标,进行了正交试验,确定消毒针最优结构参数组合为:消毒针单侧孔口数量为4个、孔口直径为2 mm、水蒸气出射角为45°,此时土壤升温到90℃时间最短,为116 s。通过Fluent多孔介质传热仿真得出,消毒针的最佳排布方式为6×6,最佳数量为36根,间距为250 mm。对消毒后的土壤有机质含量及pH值进行检测,表明消毒后土壤环境符合三七生长的环境要求。     

红花山玉兰组织培养外植体的选择及其消毒方法

为筛选出红花山玉兰组织培养适宜的外植体类型及其消毒方法，为红花山玉兰的无性繁殖提供技术支持，对灭菌时间、外植体类型和取材时间等进行研究。结果表明：茎段和顶芽的存活率分别为40．0％和33．33％，较叶片和叶柄的存活率高，且茎段和顶芽的存活率较叶片的存在显著差异，二者的死亡率均与叶柄和叶片的存在显著差异；茎段和顶芽为适宜的外植体。茎段在6月取材优于12月，且采用0．1％的升汞消毒10 min，其存活率为40．0％；顶芽在6月和12月取材均可，消毒后去除托叶能够有效地降低顶芽的污染率，提高其存活率。最佳消毒组合：先用75％的酒精表面喷洒预处理，再用0．1％的升汞消毒10 min，之后去除顶芽的托叶。该方法污染率和死亡率低，存活率最高，依次分别为6．67％、7．78％和85．55％，且芽启动率高。     

党参无菌苗培养前种子消毒技术研究

[目的]研究不同消毒方法下党参种子的消毒效果。[方法]以党参种子为试验材料,通过10%H_2O_2、0.1%HgCl_2和2%NaClO这3种消毒剂,75%乙醇预处理,无菌水预浸泡,对党参种子的消毒效果进行比较。[结果]在10%H_2O_2、0.1%HgCl_2和2%NaClO这3种消毒剂中,2%NaClO浸种20 min的消毒效果最好;用75%乙醇预处理20 s可降低种子带菌率;在党参种子消毒之前,无菌水预浸泡24 h可提高发芽率。[结论]该研究结果为培育党参无菌苗等研究提供了重要依据。     

Can water disinfection prevent the transmission of infectious koi herpesvirus to naïve carp? – a case report

Hygienic measures such as disinfection are important tools for the maintenance of fish health in aquaculture. While little information is available on the disinfection of water intended for fish containment, Huwa‐San^®, a disinfectant used in food and water industries, was used for daily treatment at concentrations of approximately 60 ppm over a total period of 3 months (experiment 1) with a 3‐week treatment‐free interval after 2 months (experiment 2). During this period, koi herpesvirus (KHV) was added to the water of two aquaria, one used as a normal contact control, the other one receiving daily water disinfectant treatments that prevented KHV infection of carp. In the second experiment, Huwa‐San^® treatment was interrupted and KHV infection was prevalent. However, when naïve fish were introduced to the same aquarium after re‐application of disinfectant, KHV could not be detected in those naïve fish. Whilst KHV could not be detected in samples where disinfectant had been applied, it was present in samples of naïve fish cohabiting with infection contact control animals which had undergone no disinfectant treatment over experiments 1 and 2. The results presented here show that water treatment with a disinfectant may prevent transmission of infectious KHV to naïve carp cohabited with infected carp.     

Effect of disinfection with peracetic acid on the microbial community of a seawater aquaculture recirculation system for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

When tropical shrimps are kept in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), one of the limiting factors is the maintenance of a sufficient water quality, and therefore, often disinfectants like peracetic acid (PAA) are added to the water either as prophylactic or treatment measure. In this study, PAA in concentrations of 0.1 mg/L, 1 mg/L and 10 mg/L was applied continuously for 56 days to small-scale seawater RAS stocked with Litopenaeus vannamei. Treatment with 0.1 mg/L did not result in a reduction in the total bacterial amount and therefore was not effective. A concentration of 10 mg/L led to significant changes in the chemical water parameters already after 2 days and was therefore not recommendable. A concentration of 1 mg/L led to increased levels of ammonia and nitrite within 2 days and to a significant increase in the bacterial amount in the water, most probably due to an enhanced growth of heterotrophic bacteria. The microflora showed significant fluctuations, and there were indications that the welfare of the shrimps was affected. Using 1 mg PAA/L for prophylactic use is therefore also not recommendable but might be an alternative option for short-term treatment in cases of disease outbreaks.     

基于脉动燃烧技术的土壤消毒蒸汽发生装置设计与试验

为解决设施园艺土壤蒸汽消毒的蒸汽来源问题,设计了基于脉动燃烧技术的蒸汽发生装置。该装置主要由脉动燃烧发动机和锅体两部分组成,脉动燃烧发动机作为热源,其主体浸没在锅体内部水中。通过功率计算,在饱和蒸汽压力为0.6 MPa条件下满足130 kg/h蒸汽产量需要功率107.12 k W,8组脉动燃烧发动机可以满足功率需求。设计了双化油器脉动燃烧发动机,两只化油器同时进油、进气,通过"Y"型喉管连接,燃烧室呈圆柱形,尾管由3根螺旋管并联组成。试验结果表明,脉动燃烧发动机在空气中和水中均具有良好的启动性和工作稳定性,在空气中工作频率保持在90.80~90.89 Hz之间,平均频率90.86 Hz,在水中工作频率保持在87.27~87.81 Hz之间,平均频率为87.51 Hz。额定工况和非额定工况下,蒸汽发生装置热效率分别为95.5%、95.8%。额定工况下蒸汽产量150 kg/h、油耗9.7 kg/h、功率110.8 k W、尾气温度108℃、过量空气系数1.026,满足土壤蒸汽消毒蒸汽量的要求。     

Salmonella Infantis and Salmonella Enteritidis specific bacteriophages isolated form poultry faeces as a complementary tool for cleaning and disinfection against Salmonella

Salmonellosis represents an important public health concern. Several authors point out the inefficiency of the cleaning and disinfection protocols to remove the bacteria from the field. For this reason, innovative techniques, as bacteriophages, could be implemented to control the bacteria. The main objectives of this study were to assess the effect of bacteriophages against Salmonella Infantis and Salmonella Enteritidis on farm surfaces, and to evaluate bacteriophage procedure application as sanitiser against Salmonella in field conditions. Thus, most prevalent serovars in poultry production were selected (Salmonella Infantis and Salmonella Enteritidis) to contaminate farm facilities. Then, two specific bacteriophages isolated from poultry faeces were applied against them. Results showed Salmonella Infantis and Salmonella Enteritidis decreased of 4.55 log₁₀CFU/mL and 3.85 log₁₀CFU/mL, respectively; the maximum reduction in Salmonella was the 5^th day, after 10⁸ PFU/mL and 10³ PFU/mL bacteriophage application. These results highlight bacteriophages as a promising tool together with cleaning and disinfection.     

Use of a foaming disinfectant and cleaner to reduce aerobic bacteria on poultry transport coops

Poultry transportation coops are rarely washed and have been demonstrated to be a point of cross-contamination of broiler carcasses. Foaming disinfectants and cleaners, commonly used within processing plants, may be used to clean and disinfect poultry transportation coops. In this study, homogenized fecal material was evenly applied to the floors of precleaned broiler transportation coops and allowed to dry. Treatments consisted of a water rinse, a foam additive alone, foaming cleaner, and a disinfectant plus a foam additive. All foaming treatments were applied using a compressed air foam system (2,271 L/min; 600 gal/min), similar to what firefighters would use. A high-pressure water rinse (HPWR) was added prior to or following the treatments to determine whether rinsing prior to product application or rinsing after product application would improve efficacy. Based on our data, a compressed air foam system may be used in combination with a commercially available disinfectant or foam cleaner to reduce aerobic bacteria on the surfaces of commercial broiler transportation coops. Furthermore, the addition of a HPWR did not further reduce the level of aerobic bacteria on broiler transportation coop floors.     

土壤日晒在绿色植保中的应用与展望

土壤消毒主要用于土壤病虫草害防控。过去几十年,土壤主要采用化学药品熏蒸消毒,不合理使用容易造成环境污染。土壤蒸汽消毒、火焰消毒和热水浇灌等需要专门的仪器设备,且存在能耗较高、灭生性强、容易破坏土壤结构等缺点。目前,土壤日晒技术受到意大利、美国、以色列等70多个国家农业科学家的广泛关注,但在中国依然处于初级阶段。本文总结了国内外学者关于土壤日晒对农业病虫草害、土壤肥力、农作物产量等方面的影响与应用,分析了土壤日晒存在的局限性,并对土壤日晒在未来农业绿色防控上的应用前景进行了展望,以期为农产品无公害生产提供理论依据和实践参考。