植物生长调节剂、基质对三个品种费约果扦插生根的影响

选取五年生健壮费约果树为母株，采用L9(33)正交设计法研究植物生长调节剂、基质对三个品种费约果半木质化枝条扦插生根的影响。本试验结果表明：不同品种、植物生长调节剂和基质处理的生根的影响呈显著性水平。影响费约果扦插枝条生根率因素的主次顺序为品种>植物生长调节剂>基质；影响根长因素的主次顺序为基质>植物生长调节剂>品种；影响插穗根数的因素主次顺序品种>基质>植物生长调节剂。Gemini品种经1000 mg/L ABT浸泡两分钟，以腐叶土+珍珠岩为基质，生根效果最好，生根率为70.00%，平均根长为8.85 cm，平均根数为10.22条/穗；Unique品种经1000 mg/L ABT浸泡两分钟，以腐叶土+蛭石为基质，生根效果较好，生根率为56.67%，平均根长为9.32 cm，平均根数为12.33条/穗；Coolidge品种生根率低，均≤20 %。     

Histological investigation of stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici) development in resistant and susceptible wheat cultivars

The wheat cultivar Kariega expresses complete adult plant resistance against stripe rust, whereas cv. Avocet S is susceptible. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy, initial fungal penetration into flag leaves was identical in both cultivars, with directional germ-tube growth towards stomata that were penetrated without the formation of an appressorium, followed by differentiation of a substomatal vesicle, infection hyphae, haustorial mother cells and haustoria. During the following 4 days, further fungal development occurred more quickly in the resistant than in the susceptible cultivar. However, by 7 days postinoculation (dpi) the situation changed, with exponential growth of the pathogen occurring only in the susceptible line. Induced cellular lignification, a typical defence reaction of cereals, was observed at 4 dpi in the resistant cultivar, and 2 days later lignified tissue completely surrounded the fungal colonies. In the susceptible cultivar, isolated lignified host cells occurred at 6 dpi, and long, unbranched fungal hyphae outgrowing the resistance reaction were observed.     

Infection of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings with Pythium irregulare Buism. and Pythium ultimum Trow.: histological and biochemical responses

We have studied the reaction of Picea abies seedlings to infection with Pythium. The highly virulent species Pythium ultimum and the less virulent species Pythium irregulare germinated on the root and hypocotyl surface, formed appressoria and penetrated through the stomata as well as through the epidermis. No major differences in the growth of both fungal species were observed during the early events of colonization. The less virulent species formed about 25% more appressoria suggesting that the fungus experienced difficulties with penetration. Differences were observed in the response of the host plant to infection. Autofluorescence, possibly related to deposition of lignin or lignin-like materials increased more in cortical and endodermal tissue colonized with the highly virulent P. ultimum than with the less virulent P. irregulare. Chitinase activity was highest in the tissues most extensively colonized by the fungus. In addition, a systemic increase of chitinase activity was also detected. Interestingly, chitinase activity increased systemically in cotyledons which were never in contact with the pathogen, indicating the translocation of a systemic signal. Salicylic acid was also detected in spruce seedlings; its level increased in roots during infection with the less virulent P. irregulare.     

Phenolic compounds in plant disease resistance

We propose that an important first line in plant defense against infection is provided by the very rapid synthesis of phenolics and their polymerization in the cell wall. This rapid synthesis, which leaves no time forde novo enzyme synthesis, is regulated by the extreme pH-dependence of the hydroxylase, catalyzing the formation of caffeoyl-CoA from 4-coumaroyl-CoA. We further propose that elicitor treatment or infection causes rapid membrane changes leading to a decrease in cytoplasmic pH. This decrease would have the effect of activating the hydroxylase.     

Induction of Systemic Resistance in Cucumber against Several Diseases by Plant Growth-promoting Fungi: lignification and Superoxide Generation

Five fungal isolates (Trichoderma, Fusarium, Penicillium, Phoma and a sterile fungus) from zoysiagrass rhizosphere that promote plant growth were tested for their ability to induce systemic resistance in cucumber plants against Colletotrichum orbiculare. Roots of cucumber plants were treated with these fungal isolates using barley grain inocula (BGI), mycelial inocula (MI) or culture filtrate (CF). Most isolate/inoculum form combinations significantly reduced the disease except BGI of Trichoderma. These fungal isolates were also evaluated for induction of systemic resistance against bacterial angular leaf spot and Fusarium wilt by treatment with BGI. Penicillium, Phoma and the sterile fungus significantly reduced the disease incidence of bacterial angular leaf spot. Phoma and sterile fungus protected plants significantly against Fusarium wilt. Roots treated with CFs of these fungal isolates induced lignification at Colletotrichum penetration points indicating the presence of an elicitor in the CFs. The elicitor activity of CFs was evaluated by the chemiluminescence assay using tobacco callus and cucumber fruit disks. The CFs of all isolates elicited conspicuous superoxide generation. The chemiluminescence activity of the CF of Penicillium was extremely high, and its intensity was almost 100-fold higher than that of other isolates. The chemiluminescence activity was not lost following treatment with protease or autoclaving or after removal of lipid. The MW 12,000 dialyzed CF fraction was highly effective in eliciting chemiluminescence activity. Chemiluminescence emission from cucumber fruit disks treated with Penicillium was the same as that obtained from tobacco callus, except that the lipid fraction also showed a high activity. Both the MW 12,000 fraction and the lipid fraction induced lignification in the epidermal tissues of cucumber hypocotyls.     

梨Trihelix转录因子家族成员鉴定及表达分析

Trihelix转录因子可以和光应答相关的GT元件结合,因此又称GT转录因子。本研究从梨基因组中鉴定出16个Trihelix家族基因,依次命名为PbGT1~PbGT16,从同属于蔷薇科的草莓和桃基因组中分别鉴定出11和16个Trihelix家族基因。染色体定位与基因复制事件分析表明,梨、草莓和桃Trihelix家族成员分别分布在12、6和8条染色体上,且梨Trihelix家族存在片段复制事件。种间系统进化树分析表明,梨、草莓和桃Trihelix家族成员分为6个亚族,梨家族成员(PbGT)属于GT-2、Subfamily O和SIP1亚族。结合进化关系及qRT-PCR验证,筛选出PbGT15可能参与调控梨果实石细胞团木质化。     

低温下乙烯对采后菜薹木质化及相关基因表达的影响

为了探讨低温条件下乙烯对采后菜薹木质化的影响,以‘四九菜薹’为试材,分别用不同浓度(100、200和500μL·L~(-1))乙烯利处理,置于1℃低温下贮藏,并于0、24、48、72和96 h取样,进行木质素含量、相关酶活性测定以及相关基因表达分析。结果表明:不同浓度乙烯利处理均提高了菜薹茎部的木质素含量和木质素合成途径中4–香豆酸辅酶A连接酶(4-CL)、过氧化氢酶(POD)的活性;200μL·L~(-1)乙烯处理提高了2个乙烯响应因子(ERF)BcERF2、BcERF1B以及2个POD基因BcPOD67、BcPOD69的表达。乙烯利处理促进了采后菜薹木质化的进程,推测乙烯可能通过乙烯响应因子BcERF2和BcERF1B调控BcPOD69、BcPOD67等参与木质素的生物合成。     

草酸对冷藏‘华优’猕猴桃果实木质化及相关酶活性的影响

研究了5 mmol·L~(-1)草酸溶液处理对采后‘华优’猕猴桃冷藏过程中木质化的调控。结果显示,草酸处理显著降低了果实冷藏期间木质素含量和总酚含量,显著抑制了木质素合成过程中重要酶——苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、4–香豆酸辅酶A连接酶(4-CL)、过氧化物酶(POD)以及多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性。结合果实切面和石蜡切片,‘华优’果实木质素的积累主要发生在果肉组织和果心的维管束组织中;草酸能够有效减少低温下‘华优’猕猴桃果实木质素含量,这可能与其降低果实木质素合成关键酶的活性有关。     

外源水杨酸对冷藏枇杷果实木质化及相关酶活性的影响

以“解放钟”枇杷为试材，研究了外源水杨酸(SA)对4℃冷藏枇杷果实木质化的影响。试验结果表明：采用1.0 g/L SA浸果20 min处理能抑制枇杷果实苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、肉桂醇脱氢酶(CAD)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性，从而抑制果实木质素的形成，降低果实硬度，说明SA具有减缓冷藏枇杷果实木质化的作用。     

穗条农艺性状对油茶岑软3号芽苗砧嫁接的影响

为了更好地进行油茶(Camellia oleifera)岑软3号芽苗砧嫁接育苗,研究了其穗条的农艺性状,即不同木质化程度和部位对嫁接育苗成活率及生长情况的影响。试验结果表明,未木质化的接穗嫁接成活率低,仅为53.17%,半木质化以上的当年生接穗,无论是顶芽、中部芽还是下部芽,嫁接成活率均可达90%以上;其中选择完全木质化接穗的顶芽生长表现最佳,其次是完全木质化接穗的中部芽和半木质化的顶芽,完全木质化接穗的下部芽和未木质化接穗的嫩芽最差。