深共熔溶剂提取杨树桑黄多酚类物质工艺优化及提取物抗氧化活性研究

桑黄是一类应用广泛的药用真菌,桑黄多酚具有抗氧化、抗炎和降糖作用。本研究中的杨树桑黄属于桑黄中重要且能栽培的一种。本研究采用深共熔溶剂(deep eutectic solvent,DES)从栽培杨树桑黄子实体中提取多酚类化合物,考察了不同提取条件对提取率的影响。采用氯化胆碱与尿素组成的DES体系对多酚进行提取,并进一步采用响应面法对提取条件进行优化,获得最佳提取工艺参数为21 min、80 ℃、料液比1:260 g/mL。在此条件下,多酚的提取率高达(23.17±0.88) mg/g,远高于传统方法(12.45±1.88) mg/g。最优条件提取的多酚显示了很强的DPPH和ABTS的清除能力。由此可见,采用DES法从杨树桑黄子实体中提取酚类化合物比传统方法更有效。     

Inhibition of cytochrome P450 isozymes and ornithine decarboxylase activities by polysaccharides from soybeans fermented with Phellinus igniarius or Agrocybe cylindracea

Polysaccharides (5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 microg ml(-1)) from soybeans and soybeans fermented with Phellinus igniarius or Agrocybe cylindracea inhibited cytochrome P450 1A1, cytochrome P450 1A2 and cytochrome P450 2B1 activities in rat liver microsomes. The polysaccharides (5, 10 and 25 microg ml(-1)) also suppressed 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced ornithine decarboxylase activity. The most potent inhibitors of cytochrome P450 isozymes and ornithine decarboxylase activities were the polysaccharides from soybeans fermented with Agrocybe cylindracea.     

Extracts ofPhellinus gilvus andPhellinus baumii inhibit pulmonary inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide in rats

Compared to saline-challenged rats, rats exposed to 50 microg intratracheal lipopolysaccharide showed an increase of total white cells (from 0.3 x 10(6) to 2.4 x 10(6)), neutrophils (from 0.09 x 10(6) to 1.8 x 10(6)), the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha (from 200 pg ml(-1) to 1200 pg ml(-1)), and interleukin (IL)-1beta (from 220 pg ml(-1) to 650 pg ml(-1)) in the bronchial lavage fluid. However, after pretreatment with extracts of Phellinus gilvus and Phellinus baumii, the total white cells, neutrophils, and the level of IL-1beta in lipopolysaccharide-challenged rats were similar to those in saline-challenged rats, except for TNF-alpha. The results indicate that extracts of P. gilvus and P. baumii may be useful in preventing acute pulmonary inflammation in human diseases.     

Extracts of Phellinus linteus grown on germinated brown rice suppress liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats

Extracts of Phellinus linteus (EPB), grown on germinated brown rice, protected rats from liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Peroxidation products in the liver were decreased to 10% by EPB. Catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were significantly decreased to 55% and 39% by CCl4 administration, but EPB blocked this effect, resulting in enzyme activities at control levels. Expression of cytochromeP450 2E1 (CYP2E1) protein was significantly decreased to 88% in CCl4-treated rats but remained at control levels when EPB was also administered. EPB did not affect the altered fatty acid composition induced by CCl4. The hepatoprotective effect of EPB may be mediated by EPB's prevention of CCl4-induced CYP2E1 degradation.     

Hypoglycemic effects of exopolysaccharides produced by mycelial cultures of two different mushrooms Tremella fuciformis and Phellinus baumii in ob/ob mice

The anti-diabetic activities of the exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by submerged mycelial culture of two different mushrooms, Tremella fuciformis and Phellinus baumii, in ob/ob mice were investigated. All the animals were randomly divided into three groups with seven animals in each group: The control group received 0.9% NaCl solution; the diabetic groups were treated with EPS from T. fuciformis (Tf EPS) and P. baumii (Pb EPS) at the level of 200 mg/kg body weight using an oral zoned daily for 52 days. The plasma glucose levels in the EPS-fed mice were substantially reduced by about 52% (Tf EPS) and 32% (Pb EPS), respectively, as compared to control mice. The results of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) revealed that both EPS-fed groups significantly increased the glucose disposal after 52 days of EPS treatments. Furthermore, higher food efficiency ratios and reduced blood triglyceride levels were observed in the EPS-treated groups. Because peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) is indeed a key regulator of insulin action, we investigated the expression pattern of adipose tissue PPAR-γ messenger RNA (mRNA) and plasma levels of PPAR-γ. It was revealed that PPAR-γ was significantly activated in response to EPS treatments. The results suggested that both EPS exhibited considerable hypoglycemic effect and improved insulin sensitivity possibly through regulating PPAR-γ-mediated lipid metabolism. Our results indicated that two mushroom-derived EPS might be developed as potential oral hypoglycemic agents or functional foods for the management of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phellinus</Emphasis> extracts inhibit migration and matrix metalloproteinase secretion in porcine coronary artery endothelial cells

Phellinus linteus is a fungus which is found primarily in tropical regions of the Americas, Africa, and Asia.P. linteus has been used in traditional medical practice for the treatment of arthritis, liver damage and cancer. Angiogenesis is a process that involves migration, proliferation and cell differentiation, as well as the formation of new capillary structures. The anti-angiogenic activities evidenced by natural compounds may actually be a critical effect for the inhibition of angiogenesis-dependent disease by these agents via the blockage of vascular development. This study assessed the effects of water extracts fromP. linteus (Phellinus extracts) on primary cultured porcine coronary artery endothelial cells (PCAECs).Phellinus extracts induced no changes in DNA synthesis or cell numbers, but inhibited the migration of PCAECs.Phellinus extracts also induced a reduction in the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9. Our results show that, in endothelial cells,Phellinus extracts may inhibit angiogenesis by reducing levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 secretion.     

栽培杨黄不同提取物对H_(22)荷瘤小鼠的抗肿瘤作用及机理北大核心CSCD

为探讨栽培杨黄子实体不同提取物对H_(22)荷瘤小鼠的抑瘤作用及机制,将150只ICR小鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、CTX组、杨黄水提取物组、乙醇提取物组、石油醚提取物组及粗多糖组。采用H_(22)肝癌细胞建立实体瘤模型,给药第10天处死小鼠,计算脾、胸腺脏器指数及抑瘤率,检测血清中TNF-α、INF-γ、VEGF及苏木精-伊红和免疫组化染色法观察肿瘤组织病理变化,同时Western blotting检测肿瘤相关蛋白表达。结果表明,石油醚提取物的高剂量组抑瘤率(73.21%)最好,且血清中的TNF-α、IFN-γ、VEGF的含量升高;能显著促进肿瘤组织坏死、消融等现象。水提物组免疫组化则出现负调控,表现出抑瘤率不显著。Westernblotting结果表明,与模型组相比各给药组的凋亡基因Caspase-3、Caspase-9和通路基因NF-κB、JAK均高表达,且随剂量的递增表达量逐渐降低。综上所述,杨黄子实体石油醚提取物抑瘤效果显著,其作用机理可能是通过线粒体途径实现,药物经体内代谢后,引起细胞中Bax、Bcl-2、TNF等激活Caspase-3和Caspase-9凋亡蛋白,引起细胞核染色质或DNA凝聚或降解,破坏肿瘤细胞的正常增殖,从而诱导其凋亡,抑制肿瘤的生长。     

Proteoglycan isolated from Phellinus linteus inhibits tumor growth through mechanisms leading to an activation of CD11c+CD8+ DC and type I helper T cell-dominant immune state

Dendritic cells (DC) are known to not only induce the activation of T cells, but are also associated with the polarization of T cells. This study investigated whether or not proteoglycan (PG) isolated from Phellinus linteus induces the phenotypic and functional maturation of CD11c+ DC in vitro and in vivo. PG was found to induce the phenotypic and functional maturation of bone marrow-derived DC via Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2 and 4 in vitro. Administration of PG in vivo strongly inhibited the MCA-102 tumor growth and increase in vivo. The ratio of CD8+ DC to CD8- DC increased, and PG enhanced IL-12 and IFN-gamma production, and expression of surface molecules including major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) classes I, MHC II, CD80, and CD86 in MCA-102-challenged mice. PG also caused a marked increase in the production of Th (helper T cells)-1 cytokine (IFN-gamma) and a decrease in the production of Th-2 cytokine (IL-4) by splenic cells and inguinal lymph node cells in MCA-102 tumor-bearing mice. Furthermore, PG stimulated the proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. In addition, a combination of PG and tumor lysate-pulsed DC inhibited completely the growth of MCA-102 cells in tumor-bearing mice. These results indicate that the administration of PG inhibited the tumor growth through a mechanism leading to a Th-1 dominant immune state and the activation of CD11cCD8+ DC.     

珍稀药用真菌桑黄的国内外研究进展

桑黄是一种十分珍贵的药用真菌,对增强人体免疫功能及治疗疾病等方面都有明显作用。综述了近年来国内外学者对桑黄的名称、地区分布、化学成分、药理作用等方面的研究进展。     

桑黄菌丝体粗多糖的提取方法研究

采用正交试验设计,以桑黄菌丝体粗多糖含量为考察指标,用苯酚—硫酸法,分别确定了热水浸提法、微波辅助提取法和超声提取法的最佳工艺。通过极差分析得出:热水浸提法的最优工艺为浸提时间3 h、浸提3次、液料质量比50∶1、浸提温度90℃,粗多糖提取率为2.10%;微波提取法的最优工艺为微波处理15 min、液料质量比50∶1、提取3次,提取率为4.18%;超声提取法的最优工艺为超声30 min、提取2次、液料质量比60∶1、温度60℃、频率60 Hz,提取率为3.02%。微波辅助法与热水浸提法相比,时间缩短,且提取率提高近1倍;与超声提取法相比,时间缩短1/2,但提取率提高40%。因此,微波辅助提取法速度更快、提取效率更高、操作更简便,优于其他2种方法。